Exam 1 Review Flashcards
Treatment effectiveness is demonstrated when there is clinical improvement from the treatment in the…
real world context
Research that compares 2 or more conditions to determine a cause and relationship and allows the researcher to draw conclusions about observed differences
experimental research
What is experimental research?
Research that compares 2 or more conditions to determine a cause and relationship and allows the researcher to draw conclusions about observed differences
In you have a highly homogenous distribution of participant scores, you will likely have…
small standard deviation
If you have a ___ distribution of participant scores, you will likely have a small standard deviation.
highly homogenous
An OT is attempting to determine the treatment efficacy for a previously developed method of intervention for spastic dysarthria. In order to determine an accurate measure of treatment efficacy, he should research…
Meta-analyses and systematic reviews that synthesize the results of multiple RCTs or experiments are considered to be the highest form of evidence
___ occurs if a first treatment condition affected participant performance on a second treatment condition.
carryover effect
What is carryover effect?
occurs if a first treatment condition affected participant performance on a second treatment condition
What occurs if a research participant’s performance in a study was influenced by their awareness of being in a research study?
Hawthorne effect
What is the Hawthorne effect?
occurs if a research participant’s performance in a study was influenced by their awareness of being in a research study
What is a potential change in data that occurs sometime from the beginning to the end of an experiment. These changes can arise due to factors such as participant fatigue or familiarity with assessment and/or intervention materials?
order effect
What is an order effect?
a potential change in data that occurs sometime from the beginning to the end of an experiment. These changes can arise due to factors such as participant fatigue or familiarity with assessment and/or intervention materials
What are clinical decisions based on research evidence, clinical expertise, patient values and preferences, and clinical circumstances?
EBP
What is EBP?
clinical decision based on research evidence, clinical expertise, patient values and preferences, and clinical circumstances
What section of a research paper should include a study design, criteria for selecting participants, how she selected her participants, description and number of participants, measurement techniques, data collection techniques, and data analysis procedures
methods
What should the methods section of a research paper include?
a study design, criteria for selecting participants, how she selected her participants, description and number of participants, measurement techniques, data collection techniques, and data analysis procedures
What section of a research paper should include a narrative description of statistical outcomes, tables and figures that summarize findings, and statements that support or reject the hypothesis?
results
What should the results section of the research paper include?
a narrative description of statistical outcomes, tables and figures that summarize findings, and statements that support or reject the hypothesis
To establish a measure as having good reliability it should include…
High reliability coefficient and a low standard of error
If a researcher is analyzing data collected during his research study and has found that p<0.05, he may decide to…
reject the null hypothesis
Refers to how well a test detects a condition that is actually present
test sensitivity
Test sensitivity refers to how well a test detects a condition that is…
actually present
In parametric statistical procedures there is a ___ of data
normal distribution
In ___ there is a normal distribution of data
parametric statistical procedures
Any factor that is NOT directly related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent variable. When these factors are not controlled, they exert a confounding influence on the independent variable, that is they contaminate the independent variable in such a way that their separate effects are obscured.
Extraneous Variable/Confounding factor
What is an extraneous variable/confounding factor?
Any factor that is NOT directly related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent variable. When these factors are not controlled, they exert a confounding influence on the independent variable, that is they contaminate the independent variable in such a way that their separate effects are obscured.
In a study with adhesive capsulitis, a patient was taking medications and did not disclose this information. This is an example of…
Extraneous Variable/Confounding factor
What is an ANOVA?
analysis of variance statistical procedure appropriate for comparison of three or more treatment groups or conditions, or the simultaneous manipulation of 2 or more independent variables
Analysis of variance statistical procedure appropriate for comparison of ___ treatment groups or conditions, or the simultaneous manipulation of 2 or more independent variables
three or more
___ is the best measure to use when utilizing simultaneous comparison of several means.
ANOVA
ANOVA is the best measure to use when utilizing ___.
simultaneous comparison of several means
What is construct validity?
refers to how well the measure reflects a theoretical construct of the characteristic of interest
Refers to how well the measure reflects a theoretical construct of the characteristic of interest
construct validity
What does PICO stand for?
Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome
What is a type II error?
when the researcher reports that no relationship (or improvement/progress) exists between the intervention and the outcome, when there really was a relationship or improvement
Error that occurs when the researcher reports that no relationship (or improvement/progress) exists between the intervention and the outcome, when there really was a relationship or improvement
Type II
What is content validity?
refers to how well the test items measure the characteristics or behaviors of interest
Refers to how well the test items measure the characteristics or behaviors of interest
content validity
What is an independent variable?
A variable that will predict or cause an outcome. A condition, intervention, or characteristic that will predict or cause a given outcome. The IV can be described as a condition that can change behavior
A variable that will predict or cause an outcome. A condition, intervention, or characteristic that will predict or cause a given outcome. The IV can be described as a condition that can change behavior
Independent variable
What is a dependent variable?
the response or outcome related to the effect of the IV. The dependent variable can be described as the behavior that may change.
The response or outcome related to the effect of the IV. The dependent variable can be described as the behavior that may change
dependent variable
What is content bias?
refers to test stimuli, methods, or procedures reflecting the assumptions that all populations have the same life experiences and have learned similar concepts and vocabulary.
Refers to test stimuli, methods, or procedures reflecting the assumptions that all populations have the same life experiences and have learned similar concepts and vocabulary.
content bias
What is a t test?
a parametric test for comparing 2 means (for example this test is used when there is a single dependent variable, but a comparison between groups)
A parametric test for comparing 2 means (for example this test is used when there is a single dependent variable, but a comparison between groups)
t-test
What is the best means of analysis to use when you have a study of a new treatment technique, but have 2 groups – one participating for 30 minutes a day and one group participating for 60 minutes a day?
t-test
What is CITI?
The Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative and is dedicated to promoting the public’s trust in the research enterprise.
What are the 3 categories of quantitative research?
Experimental
Descriptive
Mixed Experimental-Descriptive research
What is a standard deviation?
the average amount that all scores in the distribution deviate from the mean. A small standard deviation indicates more homogeneity
Standard deviation is the average amount that all scores in the distribution deviate from the mean. A small standard deviation indicates…
more homogeneity
In ___ there is a normal distribution of data
parametric statistical procedures
In ___ there is not a normal distribution of data
nonparametric statistical procedures
Are parametric or nonparametric statistics more powerful?
parametric
If the value is p<.05, that means the probability of that finding being true is __ and the probability of the finding being false is __.
95%, 5%.
A ___ is considered to be the “gold standard” of true experimental designs. This type of design is considered the most rigorous
randomized control trial
A randomized control trial is considered to be the “gold standard” of true experimental designs. This type of design is considered the…
most rigorous
What type of variable can be manipulated?
independent variable
___ is a perspective to explore and understand human behavior.
qualitative research
What are the 3 measures of central tendency?
Mean
Median
Mode
What are the 4 scales of measurement?
Ratio
Ordinal
Nominal
Interval
What are the main sections of a research article?
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Section of a research paper that should include a narrative description of statistical outcomes, tables and figures that summarize statistical findings, and statements that support or reject the hypothesis
results
The results section of a research paper should include…
a narrative description of statistical outcomes, tables and figures that summarize statistical findings, and statements that support or reject the hypothesis
What variable is the response or outcome related to the effect of the independent variable?
dependent variable
p<.05 means the null hypothesis is…
rejected
A parametric test for comparing two means is a…
t-test
A ___ for comparing two means is a t-test
parametric test
The ___ is a statement of the expected relationship between variables
hypothesis
Wha is a hypothesis?
a statement of the expected relationship between variables
The outcome measure is a ___ used to test and see if the dependent variable was affected or changed by the independent variable
tool, assessment, or instrument
The ___ is a tool, assessment, or instrument used to test and see if the dependent variable was affected or changed by the independent variable
outcome measure
How consistent one researcher is when making the same measurement more than once
Intra-rater agreement
Give an example of a systematic error?
equipment needing to be calibrated
Give an example of a unsystematic error?
equipment malfunction
A disparity between the language or dialect used by the examiner, the child, and/or the language or dialect expected in the child’s response.
linguistic bias
Refers to how well the measure reflects a theoretical construct of the characteristic of interest
construct validity
Type of error when the researcher reports a relationship between the intervention and the outcome (or progress) when no relationship (or progress) really exists.
type I
Refers to how well the measure correlates with an outside criterion
The ability of an assessment to produce results that are in agreement with or predict a known criterion assessment
criterion validity
A statistical procedure used to compare 2 or more treatment groups while controlling for the effect of 1 or more confounding variables (called covariates).
ANCOVA - analysis of covariance
Effect size estimates can help the OT to understand the practical significance of data in a research study. Rather than reflecting whether the null hypothesis is false…
the effect size estimates the degree to which it is false.
