final Flashcards
what are the three contrast agents used in CT
air, barium, & iodine
this modality typically acquires images in the coronal, sagittal, axial planes
MRI
CT acquires images in what plane
axial
largest body cavity
ventral
the dorsal body contains?
cranium & spine
how is the ventral body cavity subdivided
thoracic & abdominopelvic
what anatomy is found in the RUQ
liver, gallbladder, head of pancreas
what anatomy is found in the LUQ
most of pancreas, stomach, spleen, splenic flexure
what is found in the LLQ
sigmoid, L ureter,
what is found in the RLQ
cecum, appendix, majority of bladder
what covers the brain & spinal cord
meninges
name the layers of meninges
dura mater - outer layer
arachnoid - middle layer
pia mater - innermost layer
most anterior boundary of the thoracic cavity, posterior?
sternum , & vertebra
where is the thoracic inlet
first pair of ribs
where is the thoracic outlet
T12 , twelfth pair of ribs
describe the location of the cardiophrenic sulcus
medial angle of base of the lungs
where is the cardiac notch located
medial surface of left lung
what is the visceral layer of the thoracic cavity
visceral pleura
what chamber makes up the apex of the heart
left ventricle
what structures are located in the hilar area of the thorax
main stem bronchi, blood & lymph vessels & nerves
what is the functional unit of the lung
alveoli
what organs / structures are located in the mediastinum
heart, trachea, thymus gland, esophagus, lymph nodes & great vessels
what is the location where the right & left bronchi bifurcated known as
carina , @ T4-T5
what makes up the costotransverse joint
transverse process & tubercle of rib
what makes up the costovertebral joint
head & vertebral body
name the sac that surrounds the heart
pericardium
outer most layer of the heart
epicardium
inner layer of the heart
endocardium
heart muscle itself
myocardium
why is the myocardium thicker in the left ventricle than the right
L ventricle is the pump - more work
what is the largest artery in the body
aorta
what is the largest vein in the body
IVC
what coronary artery supplies the interventricular septum, AV bundles & most of the left ventricle & atrium
left coronary artery
what is the name of the collateral circulation between the inferior & superior vena cava
azygos venous system
what is the tendon structure that attaches the diaphragm to the lumbar spine
crus
what are the openings or passages for the vessels and organs from the thoracic cavity to the abdominal cavity referred to as
hiatus’
- caval, esophageal & aortic
what type of membrane is the abdominal cavity lining
serous
what is the lining of the abdominal cavity called
peritoneum
what are the two layers of the peritoneum
parietal & visceral
list the organs that are peritoneal (intra)
stomach, spleen
liver, gallbladder
& most of small bowel
list the organs that are retroperitoneal
IVC & aorta
pancreas & adrenal glands
kidneys & ureters
found in RLQ & good bacteria in gut
vermiform appendix
mixed gland (endocrine & exocrine)
pancreas
the function of the kidneys
filter blood, produce & excrete urine
what is responsible for blood pressure ?
adrenal glands
location for vessels to enter & exit in the liver
porta hepatis
what organ drains the liver of bile & stores it ?
gallbladder
liver functions
metabolic regulation & bile production
stomach functions
mechanical break down & absorbs B12
what structure , within the brain, provides a pathway for the circulation of the cerebral spinal fluid
ventricles / ventricular system
what structure is responsible for production of CSF
choroid plexus
what is the term for the separation of the right & left ventricles @ midline? & what’s the major purpose for visualization on a CT
septum pellicum , and to look for a midline shift
what are the names of the structures that hold or where CSF pools in the brain? what is the largest?
cisterns , and cistern magna
what is the largest portion of the brain? what are two halves known as ?
cerebrum & hemispheres
describe gyri
folds
describe sulci
grooves , separate gyri
describe fissures
deeper grooves
list the major structures of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, pituitary gland & pineal gland
what gland is known as the master gland
pituitary gland
the major segments of the brain stem
midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata
what is known as the “little brain” & where is it located
cerebellum & posterior to brain stem
describe blood brain barrier
protects brain against infections
which is the largest of the cerebral arteries
middle
what is the circle of willis
collateral blood flow , cerebral arterial circle & keeps anastomosis’ in tact
What is the extension of the oral cavity that extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone
oropharynx
which part of the pharynx contains the uvula
nasopharynx
What structure surrounds and protects the vocal cords
larynx
largest of the laryngeal cartilages
thyroid cartilage
The trachea sits _______ to the esophagus 
anterior
vein that drains blood from the brain and superficial parts of the face and neck
internal jugular
The brachiocephalic vein is formed by which to veins
internal jugular & subclavian
Largest of the three salivary glands
parotid gland
the cranium is composed of ____ bones
8
describe the structure of the cranial bones
two compact layers with spongy bone (diploe) in middle
what type of joints are the cranial sutures
fibrous synarthrodial
the right kidney is found in what quadrant
RUQ
a slight build with a long narrow and shallow thorax that is wider more superiorly
asthenic
the abdominopelvic regions found immediately under the ribs are
hypochondriac
what lab tests are used to check for kidney function ?
BUN & creatine
what lab test is used to check for a blood clot
D-Dimer
what lab tests are used to check for bleeding times
PT & PTT
the fissure separating the frontal & parietal lobes from the temporal lobe is the
lateral
describe white brain matter
composed of neurons with myelinated axons
the fissure separating the occipital lobe from the cerebellum is the
transverse
the neurons bringing in sensory information to the central nervous system are
afferent neurons
which ventricle sits anterior to the cerebellum
fourth
the vertebral arteries join together to form the
basilar artery
the roof of the orbit is formed by
frontal bone
What vessels are responsible for drainage of the head
dural sinuses
The ventricles provide a pathway for what substance within the brain
CSF
The pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum and pineal gland are all considered the
hindbrain
what structures are responsible for transferring CSF into the dural sinuses and dural venous sinus
arachnoid villi
provides a opening for both respiratory and digestive systems
pharynx
portion of the pharynx that continues as the esophagus
laryngopharynx
the esophagus sits ______ to the cricoid cartilage
posterior
The endocrine gland that sits at the level of the cricoid cartilage
thyroid
muscle that originates on the sternum and clavicle & inserts on the mastoid tip, is responsible for turning the head from side to side and flexing the neck
sternocleidomastoid muscle
which arteries bifurcate into the internal and external carotid arteries bilaterally
right and left common carotid
Which vessel is considered the largest in the neck
internal jugular
Which vessel sits external to the SCM 
external jugular
which sections of the spine have a lordotic curvature
cervical and lumbar
Intervertebral disc spaces are considered which type of joint
amphiarthrodial
The extension of the pia matter that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx is known as the
filium terminale
which imaging modality is preferred for the spinal cord discs and ligaments
MRI
Which cartilage of the neck appears as a C shape on axial slices
tracheal cartilage
The aorta arises from
the left ventricle
The pulmonary veins bring blood to the
left atrium
The mitral valve is located between which structures
left atrium & left ventricle
The first vessel to branch off the aortic arch is the
brachiocephalic artery
The coronary sinus bring blood from the heart muscle into the
right atrium
The pulmonary trunk exits the heart via the
right ventricle
The SVC & the IVC bring blood back to the
right atrium
The lining or covering of the heart is called
pericardium
what brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium
The four pulmonary veins 
The ridge at the point of bifurcation of the trachea is the
carina
what prevents the backflow of blood within the heart
Valves
The right lung has ___ lobes
3
The descending aorta can be located in the abdominal cavity
anterior and left of the vertebral column
The first branch off the abdominal aorta is the
celiac axis
at what level does the aorta bifurcate into right and left common iliac arteries
L4
The first part of the small intestine is
the duodenum
The first part of the large intestine is the
cecum
the uterus is found _______ to the bladder
posterior
what organ is responsible for detoxifying the body of drugs vitamins and minerals
liver
Which ligament separates the caudate and quadrate lobe and attaches the liver to the diaphragm
Falciform ligament
The duct directly responsible for draining the liver of bile
hepatic ducts
the duct that drains the gallbladder
cystic duct
The central portion of the kidneys is termed
medulla
The medial indentation of the kidney where the renal vein, artery and ureter enter an exit is termed
hilum
is contrast used when looking at the adrenal glands
no
The membrane lining the abdominal cavity is termed
peritoneum
The linea alba separates which two muscles
rectus abdominis muscle
The largest lymphatic organ in the body
spleen
medical term for gall stones
choleliths
The gallbladder sits on the
inferior posterior surface of the liver
what veins do the azygos & hemiazygos arise from
right & left lumbar
two main sources of blood to the liver are the
portal vein and hepatic artery
name the three branches off the celiac axis
splenic artery, left gastric, and common hepatic artery
which vessel supplies blood to the transverse colon
inferior mesenteric artery
which vessels are the first to branch off the abdominal aorta
inferior phrenic
which two vessels deliver blood to the heart muscle
rt & lt coronary arteries
the right common carotid artery bifurcate into the external and internal carotid artery at the level of
C4
the S shaped portion of the internal carotid artery is termed the
carotid siphon
which veins drain blood from the meninges of the brain
internal jugular veins
which of the branches of the abdominal aorta is considered the most superior
celiac artery
which two vessels unite to form the hepatic portal vein
superior mesenteric & splenic veins
what is the largest lymph vessel in the body
thoracic duct
the contrast media of choice for angiography is
nonionic water soluble iodinated
