Final Flashcards
In layers, gut fill may limit what?
Feed intake
The size of the egg is dictated by the ___ of the bird
body weight
Average egg weight should be ___
61g
Egg shell is what by weight?
94% calcium carbonate
1% magnesium carbonate
1% calcium phosphate
4% organic matter
What are 4 issues affecting layer hens?
Rickets (in growing birds), cage layer fatigue in mature birds, fatty liver syndrome, vitamin deficiencies
What is cage layer fatigue?
Ca deficiency or mineral imbalance
Ca:P ration during laying
2:1 to 8-12:1
What vitamin and mineral deficiencies should be watched for in layers?
A, D, E, K, B
Magnesium, Iodine, Zinc, Copper, Sodium, Chlorine
What are the two amino acids that limit muscle deposition?
Methionine and lysine
How much does a broiler grow/day
60g/day
What is the DMI of a broiler?
15-18% of BW
Broilers respond to higher ___, and have a higher ___ requirement
Crude protein, P
What is Ascites in Broilers?
aka water belly
Right ventricle failure due to rapid muscle growth and slower lung capacity gain
Heart can’t keep up with weight gain
What should be monitored in broilers?
Ca, P, Vit D for bone development
Lysine for muscle deposition
Chicken feed is typically high in what?
Corn and soybean
What is a common issue in corn chicken feed?
Mycotoxins
What should not be used in laying diet and why
Cottonseed meal has gossypol that discolors yolk
What are additives that can be included in chicken feed?
Anticoccidial, growth promotant, antifungals/antibiotics/antioxidants, pellet binders
What are nutrition considerations for pigs?
Sow- Gestation, lactation
Piglet- Replacement, market
Boar- Have high donation rate
How much feed does a sow need around farrowing?
1kg feed/100kg of sow BW + 0.5kg feed/piglet
What type of feed do sows close to farrowing eat?
energy-dense, high fat, highly digestible (pellets because easier to break down in hind gut fermenter)
What are the main determinants of nutrient requirements for boars?
BW and environmental stresses
What nutrients are related to male reproduction?
Zinc, Vit E, Selenium, Vit A
When piglets are born what is not fully developed?
Limited gut capacity, insufficient acid secretion in stomach, low activity of digestive enzymes
What does sow’s milk contain lots of?
Lactose and antibodies
After piglet weaning, oral dose of easily digested nutrients such as ___ increase nutrient-density
Short chain FA, sugars, electrolytes, iron
Growing/finisher pig have a high ___ requirement for what?
High lysine requirement for lean tissue synthesis
What type of diet comprises most of growing/finishing pigs diet?
Corn and soybean meal ~97.5%
When do finishing pigs go to market?
6 months about 280 pounds
Energy content of a pig’s diet
3400 kcal DE/kg Diet
CP: 12-27% of DM (high lysine during growing)
Macrominerals: 1-3%
Microminerals and vitamins: 0.5%
What is the range of horses and ponies weight for nutrition?
200kg to 900kg because NRC lists are based on weight
What is the DE of horses?
7-48 Mcal/day (mature pony maintenance to intense work)
How much fat makes up a horse’s diet?
Fat can provide up to ~15% of DM
How much crude protein does a horse need?
296g-2576g (mature pony maintenance-900kg or early lactation)
What is colic?
GI upset that has many causes but diet-induced types are:
Impaction, gas, overfeeding, toxins, parasites, foreign bodies
Why do horses get gastric ulcers?
Stomach built to be a perpetual grazer but not often fed as such
How do horses gain excessive weight?
Energy overage
What does selenium deficiency cause in horses and where is it most prevalent?
Causes muscle loss
Most prevalent on East Coast since were have selenium deficient diet so horses get supplement
What does a vitamin E deficiency cause and where is it most prevalent?
Causes Equine Motor Neuron Disease (EMND)
Most prevalent in Northeast
What is choke in horses?
Feed compaction/obstruction
High water-soluble carb intake (from ___) interplays with what diseases?
From grain and high-sugar grasses
Laminitis, COPD, Cushing’s, Equine metabolic disease, PSSM
What are the 4 classes of plants?
Forages, grains, roots/tubers, byproducts
What are forages?
Leaves, stems, grasses, legumes, brassicas
Includes fresh, crop residue, hay, silage
What are characteristics of forages?
High in fiber, so high in beta-liked carbs
What affects forage nutritive value?
maturity, leaf-to-stem ratio, species and cultivars
How does maturity affect the nutrition of forage?
Soft grass is more digestible than tall stiff stuff
Boot stage
How does leaf-to-stem ration affect nutrition of forage?
Want more leaf than stem cause the stem isn’t eaten
Characteristics of leaves
More nutritious
Higher in non-structural carbs and protein
Lower in structural carbs
Characteristics of stems
Less nutritious
Higher in structural carbs
Vascular tissue
What are conserved forages?
Grass hay (88%DM)
Grass silage (36%DM)
What plant has the highest risk for bloat?
Early bloom stage of alfalfa
What are processing techniques for dry forages?
Baling, chopping or grinding, pelleting, roasting, extruding
What are processing techniques for wet forages?
Chopping corn silage, steam rolling, flaking, ensiling, pressure cooking
How does plant quality at baling affect forage quality?
Dry forage quality will never be better than fresh forage quality
What can affect the DM and nutrient content of hay?
Time of day, overdrying, weather (especially decrease after rain)
How do processing feedstuffs maintain or improve nutritional value?
Increase digestibility and nutrient accessibility through altered physical form or particle size, prevent spoilage, isolates specific parts of plant/animal
How do processing feedstuffs improve handling efficiency and reduce waste?
Benefits of improved animal performance and/or labor-saving must exceed cost of processing
What is a concentrate?
Feed that is concentrated in a nutrient (normally energy)
What are characteristics of concentrate?
Includes most grains and high-quality byproducts
Low in NDF and ADF (<32 and 22%)
What are grains?
Seeds of cereals, oilseed plants
Cereal grains produced by members of the grass family
Affected by environment
What are the characteristics of cereal grains?
Low in N (8-12%)
Mainly in the form of protein
Low in lysine, tryptophan, threonine
Variable fat (1-6%)
High in linoleic and oleic acid
Higher in carb/starch
What are the characteristics of oilseeds?
Protein and lipid rich
Most important protein sources are soybeans and cottonseed
What are examples of bulbs and roots?
Turnips, beets, swedes, radishes
What are the characteristics of bulbs and roots?
High water and carb (sucrose), K
Low fiber, CP, Ca, P
What are the byproducts of plant processing?
Meals, human food byproduct, molasses
What are the byproducts of plant processing?
Meals, human food byproducts, molasses
What are some popular meals?
SBM popular in dairy cattle
Canola lower levels of anti-nutritive factors from rape
Sunflower low levels of lysine and threonine but high methionine
Common protein-rich plant-based feedstuffs
Meals, byproducts (Brewers grain, corn distillers), some forages
CP content of straws
<7%
CP content of corn silage
<9%
CP content of hay and forage silage
7-25%
CP content of cereal grains
8-12%
CP content of oilseed meals/grain byproducts
30-55%
CP content of animal protein sources
50-95%
What is common in carb-rich feedstuff?
A-linked carbs but there are some exceptions like ruminants need NDF
What are some good a-linked carb sources?
Corn, most grains, most pulps and pomaces, molasses
What is a phytochemical and what are their characteristics?
Chemicals found in plants
non-nutritive
Active compounds
Proposed to contribute toward disease-prevention
Examples of phytochemicals
Phenolic compounds, organosulfides, protein inhibitors
Why are phenols important?
Essential to plant physiology
Contribute to plant pigmentation, growth, repro
Protects from pathogens, predators
What are flavonoids?
Originally called Vit P (pigment)
Red, blue purple
Subclass of polyphenols
What are the food sources of flavonoids?
Normally linked to carbs
Concentrated in seeds, fruit, bark, flowers
decreased concentrations towards central core
What do condensed tannins do?
Ultimately makes diet RDP act like undigestible RUP
What are some animal-based feedstuffs?
Whole animal, byproducts
What is BSE?
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Restrictions for BSE
FDA regulations regarding cattle feeds and feeding animal-based feedstuffs to ruminants
What are some cattle materials prohibited in animal feed?
Carcass of BSE pos, brains and spinal cords of >30mo, carcass of uninspected
Can you feed other animals ruminant products?
Some cattle/bison products to feed other livestock but cannot feed most ruminant products to other ruminants
What animal products are permitted in ruminant rations?
mammalian protein, non-mammalian animal-based protein, animal-derived non-protein
If a food contains a prohibited animal protein, food label must say:
DO NOT FEED TO CATTLE OR OTHER RUMINANTS
who is exempt from labeling food?
Dog and cat food, zoos are not
What are animal byproducts?
Parts of the animal that humans don’t usually eat, nothing actually wrong with the content
What is an additive?
Any substance added to or expected to become a component of animal food either directly or indirectly, must be regulated as generally recognized as safe
What are the 5 categories of additives?
Technological additives (gums), sensory additives (colorants), nutritional additives, zootechnical additives (digestion enhancers), coccidiostats (antiprotozoal agent that acts on coccidia parasites)
