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Animal Nutrition > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Proteolysis

A

Protein Breakdown

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2
Q

3 major proteins in the GI tract and where they are

A

Pepsin (gastric stomach), Trypsin and Chymotrypsin (Duodenum)

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3
Q

Zymogen

A

An inactive substance which is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme

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4
Q

Pepsin is produced and secreted from chief cells as ____

A

pepsinogen (zymogen)

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5
Q

Regions of protein breakdown

A

Stomach/abomasum and SI

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6
Q

Trypsin is produced and secreted from the pancreas as ___

A

Trypsinogen (zymogen)

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7
Q

Trypsin flows to ___ via ____

A

Duodenum, pancreatic duct

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8
Q

Chymotrypsin is produced and secreted from the pancreas as ____

A

Chymotrypsinogen (zymogen)

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9
Q

Chymotrypsin flows to ___ via ___

A

Duodenum, pancreatic duct

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10
Q

Microbially degradable proteins

A

Microbes degrade protein and use it to create microbial protein

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11
Q

Microbial protein

A

Protein that is within the microbe’s body

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12
Q

Rumen Degradable protein

A

Slowly and quickly degraded

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13
Q

Rumen undegradable protein

A

Digestible and undigestible

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14
Q

Quickly degradable RDP

A

Immediately solubilized to ammonia which is used by microbes (to make microbial protein) or absorbed as ammonia across the rumen wall

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15
Q

Slowly degraded RDP

A

Microbes have better access to this protein than quick RDP

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16
Q

What is the most important source of AA for ruminants?

A

Microbial proteins

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17
Q

RUP

A

Cannot be digested by the animal’s own enzymes at all or can be digested by the animal’s own enzymes

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18
Q

Non-digestible RUP

A

Never broken down in GI tract, excreted in feces

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19
Q

Digestible RUP

A

Digested in abomasum and SI by proteolytic enzymes similar to non-ruminants

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20
Q

How many macro and micro minerals are there

A

7 macros and at least 16 micro

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21
Q

Micro present in body tissue at what small concentration

A

<50mg/kg

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22
Q

Major Minerals

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, Sulfur, Magnesium

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23
Q

Micro Minerals

A

Iron, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum, Selenium, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt

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24
Q

Where is macromineral absorption?

A

Jejunum and ileum

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25
Q

Where is micromineral absorption?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

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26
Q

Functions of minerals

A

Enzyme activation, acid-base and water balance (Na, K, Cl), skeletal structure (Ca, P, Mg in bone, S an keratin), Fe in heme, Co in VitB12, I in thyroid hormones

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27
Q

Factors affecting mineral requirements

A

Physiological state, interactions with other minerals, tissue storage, form fed

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28
Q

Mineral toxicity and deficiency

A

Can be acute or take months to develop

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29
Q

What can affect mineral content in nature?

A

Soils, plant stage and maturity which is why east coast horses need selenium supplements

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30
Q

Two classifications of vitamins

A

Fat-soluble and water-soluble

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31
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D2, D3, E, K1, K2

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32
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

B1-B7, B9, B12, Bp?, C

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33
Q

Are vitamins metabolically essential?

A

Yes

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34
Q

Provitamin

A

Functions as vitamins only after undergoing a chemical change in the body

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35
Q

Vitamin A

A

Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, provitamins
Important in growth, immune function, vision

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36
Q

Vitamin D

A

Important for Ca and P absorption
Can be synthesized by most animals by exposure to sunlight (no dogs, cats)

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37
Q

Vitamin E

A

Important for antioxidant function and cell signaling

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38
Q

Vitamin K

A

Required for blood coagulation
Colonic bac convert K1 (plants) to K2 (animals)

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39
Q

Vitamin B

A

Present in all plant and animal cells
Act as components of coenzyme
Closely linked to metabolic rate

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40
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cobalt required
Essential for DNA synthesis, propionate metabolism, transfer of methyl groups in methylation reactions

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41
Q

How are B vitamins important in biology?

A

Riboflavin is necessary for structure of FAD

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42
Q

Vitamin A name

A

Retinol

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43
Q

Vitamin D2 name

A

Ergocalciferol

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44
Q

Vitamin D3 name

A

Cholecalciferol

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45
Q

Vitamin E name

A

Tocopherol

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46
Q

Vitamin K1 name

A

Phylloquinone

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47
Q

Vitamin K2 name

A

Menaquinone

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48
Q

Vitamin B1 name

A

Thiamin

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49
Q

Vitamin B2 name

A

Riboflavin

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50
Q

Vitamin B3 name

A

Niacin

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51
Q

Vitamin B5 name

A

Pantothenic acid

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52
Q

Vitamin B6 name

A

Pyridoxine

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53
Q

Vitamin B7 (H) name

A

Biotin

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54
Q

Vitamin B9 (M, Bg, Bc) name

A

Folacin

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55
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cobalamin

56
Q

Vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid

57
Q

Functions of water

A

Facilitates digestion, transport and excretion of other nutrients

58
Q

Total body water (TBW) content is ___ to body fat content

A

Inversely related

59
Q

Water content lean body tissue

A

70-75%

60
Q

Extracellular TBW

A

30-40%

61
Q

Intracellular TBW

A

60-70%

62
Q

Body water turnover is ___ to body water content

A

directly related

63
Q

Factors affecting body water content and turnover (5)

A

Genotype, age, environmental temp, feed quantity and quality, physiological state

64
Q

Ways we lose water

A

Feces, urine, evaporation

65
Q

Water requirements affected by ___ (4)

A

Dry matter intake, physiological state, ambient temp, genotype

66
Q

Sources of body water (5)

A

Drinking free water, metabolic water form nutrient oxidation, polymerization reactions, performed water in catabolized tissues, in feed

67
Q

Water in feed depends on ___

A

feed type, processing method, storage method

68
Q

Common sense dry matter equation

A

DM=100%-% water

69
Q

Soybean material

A

89% DM
11% water

70
Q

Whey

A

20% DM
80% water

71
Q

Cracked corn

A

88% DM
12% water

72
Q

High moisture corn

A

72% DM
28% water

73
Q

Grass silage

A

37% DM
63% water

74
Q

Grass hay

A

88% DM
12% water

75
Q

Big dry matter equation

A

DM%=(weight of dried sample/as-fed weight) x 100

76
Q

Approaches to assessing nutrient value in feed

A

Lab (Chemical, In vitro, Near-infrared spectroscopy), animal assessment

77
Q

If you combust a feedstuff then the ___ material is removed and all that’s left is the ___ residue

A

organic, inorganic

78
Q

How does ashing work and what does it do?

A

Sample in a muffle furnace
% ash is % mineral

79
Q

Does Protein have nitrogen

A

yes so does NH3, urea, AA, NH4

80
Q

Kjeldahl analysis

A

Quantitative measurement of amount of N contained in an organic substance

81
Q

Crude Protein

A

Analyzing N content of feed therefore not analyzing it for protein, but total N

82
Q

Assume protein is ___% nitrogen

A

16%

83
Q

Fat is not soluble in ___ solvents but is soluble in ___ solvents

A

polar, non-polar or weakly polar

84
Q

How does ether extract work and what does it mean?

A

Quantitative measurement of fat by extracting fat, fatty acids, and fat-soluble vits from the dried sample in organic solvent
Crude measurement of fat

85
Q

What is fiber?

A

Carb, plant cell wall fraction

86
Q

Proximate analysis

A

Divides feed into crude fiber, crude protein, ash, ether extract, N-free extract

87
Q

Issue with Proximate system

A

Fiber is a carb and the plant cell wall fraction, so proximate CF doesn’t accurately represent fiber or its fractions

88
Q

Natural Detergent Fiber

A

Represents the structural cell wall components of the plant

89
Q

Acid Detergent Fiber

A

Represents the least digestible plant cell wall components

90
Q

NDF-ADF=___

A

Hemicellulose

91
Q

Lignin characteristics

A

Fiber, indigestible, in cell wall, slows down digestion in cows

92
Q

What is fiber?

A

Portion of diet that cannot be digested by the animal (excludes microbes) (most of cell wall)

93
Q

In vitro digestion simulates ___

A

Rumen digestion (rumen fluid) and gastric digestion (pepsin)

94
Q

Near-Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

A

Used for commonly used forage
Estimate nutritive quality

95
Q

Three major approaches to animal assessment

A

Digestibility trial, balance trial, production trial

96
Q

% Digestibility=

A

(amount of nutrient consumed-amount in feces)/amount of nutrient consumed

97
Q

Inaccuracies in the digestibility trial (3)

A

Fecal output includes endogenous losses, mineral loss through urine not measured, presence of potentially digestible materials

98
Q

Balance Trial

A

same as digestion trial plus urine
gives estimate of N retention

99
Q

Production Trial

A

Compare nutritional value of different feed ingredients

100
Q

Grain:feed ratio=

A

Average daily weight gain/average daily dry matter intake

101
Q

Goal of nutritive assessments (2)

A

Quantify nutritional value and composition of different feed fractions
Get some idea of how the animal’s biology will change when they consume feed

102
Q

One major change that often comes along with feed changes is the change in ___

A

Energetic value

103
Q

What is energy?

A

Capacity for performing work

104
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

Study of energy supply, utilization, and dissipation in animals

105
Q

Animal’s energy requirements are based on ___

A

The physiologic state and metabolism of the animal

106
Q

Three substrates that provide energy

A

Protein, lipid, carbs

107
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed

108
Q

Corollary 1 and 2

A

Energy can be interconverted between different forms
Thermal energy cannot be converted to other forms in the body

109
Q

Nutrients contain ___ which is yielded upon chemical breakdown and can be used in the body to perform chemical, mechanical, electrical or osmotic work

A

Chemical energy

110
Q

Gross Energy (GE)

A

Total energy content of a given weight of feed measured as its heat of combustion by bomb calorimetry

111
Q

Digestible Energy (DE)

A

Total digestible nutrients is the measure of energy still used directly or indirectly in the US for ruminants and swine

112
Q

Metabolizable Energy (ME)

A

Ruminants ~ 0.82 DE
Non-ruminants >0.95 DE

113
Q

Net energy (NE)

A

ME-heat increment of feeding

114
Q

Where is fecal energy lost?

A

Between GE and DE

115
Q

Where is urine and gas energy lost?

A

Between DE and ME?

116
Q

Where is heat energy lost?

A

Between ME and NE

117
Q

NE maintenance (5)

A

Basal metabolism, voluntary activity, thermal regulation, product formation, waste information and excretion

118
Q

NE Production energy (5)

A

Tissue energy, lactation and egg production, conceptus, wool hair and feathers, work

119
Q

What is heat increment of feeding?

A

Increase in heat production resulting from ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of a given amount of feed

120
Q

Characteristics of ATP

A

Highly labile, not stored in cells, synthesized in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation

121
Q

Where is amino acid catabolized?

A

Liver

122
Q

Where do the VFAs go for metabolism?

A

Propionate goes to gluconeogenesis
Butyrate and Acetate go to fatty acid synthesis

123
Q

Three reactions that cost energy

A

Protein Synthesis, Fat synthesis, Glucose synthesis

124
Q

What is energy required for in protein synthesis?

A

Activation, initiation, elongation, termination

125
Q

What is energy required for in fat synthesis?

A

Esterification

126
Q

What is energy required for in glucose synthesis?

A

Gluconeogenesis from propionate, lactate, and glycerol

127
Q

What is basal energy?

A

The minimum energy required to keep the animal alive (starting point for all energy requirements)

128
Q

Physiological states that will increase need for energy?

A

Lactating, pregnant, gaining weight (growing offspring) growing wool/fiber

129
Q

VFAs are produced from microbial fermentation of ___

A

carbs

130
Q

Sources of lipids (4)

A

Dietary lipids, catabolism of adipose stores to FFA (lipolysis), metabolism of glucose to fatty acids (lipogenesis), VFAs (acetate, butyrate)

131
Q

What is the major function of body lipid stores

A

Make up for deficits in dietary energy supply

132
Q

Three major processes of lipid catabolism

A

Lipolysis of adipose tissue triglycerides, Transport of NEFA to other tissues, Fatty acid uptake and oxidation by these tissues

133
Q

NEFA released from adipose tissues are transported in blood plasma in combination with ___

A

Plasma albumin

134
Q

Plamsa NEFA concentration is ___ related to rate of fatty acid mobilization and can vary from 100-1500 umol/L

A

Directly related

135
Q

Can most tissues take up and oxidize NEFAs?

A

Yes

136
Q

NEFA uptake and oxidation are ___ related to plasma NEFA concentration

A

Directly related

137
Q

Complete oxidation of long-chain fatty acids to CO2 and H2O occurs in mitochondria by a two stage process called ___

A

Beta- oxidation. Takes fatty acids and breaks them into two carbon chunks (acetyl CoA)

Animal Nutrition (4 decks)

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