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Animal Nutrition > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Is a llama a ruminant?

A

Pseudo ruminant with only 3 chambers

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2
Q

What are the major functions of the gastric stomach?

A

Secretion of gastric juices, hydrolytic digestion by acid and enzymes, reservoir for controlled release of digesta to SI, mixing and mechanical breakdown of feed

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3
Q

Characteristics of reticulum

A

‘Honeycomb’

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4
Q

Characteristics of rumen

A

papillae ‘shag carpet’
No enzymes secreted
Low O2, hot
Microbe activity

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5
Q

Characteristics of omasum

A

Once it enters it can’t go back

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6
Q

Characteristics of abomasum

A

True glandular stomach
Functions similar to monogastric stomach
Also secretes gastric lysozyme

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7
Q

Functions of the SI

A

Mixing, propulsion, lubrication, digestion and absorption of most substances

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8
Q

Functions of duodenum

A

Short segment where buffers and enzymes enter via bile and pancreatic secretions

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9
Q

Functions of jejunum

A

Main site of absorption of most nutrients

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10
Q

Function of ileum

A

Some absorption

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11
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Secretes enzymes and bicarbonate
Neutralizes acids entering from stomach using HCO3-

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12
Q

Function of liver

A

Secrete bile, bile salts, bicarbonate, organic waste

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13
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Store and concentrate bile between meals

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14
Q

Function of the cecum

A

Houses microbes and can be important in nutrient digestion in some species like the rabbit

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15
Q

Function of colon/LI

A

VFA absorption, microbes

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16
Q

What is the crop in a chicken?

A

Part of esophagus
Storgae pouch

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17
Q

What is the gizzard/ventriculus?

A

muscular to help with grinding like a pallet
Mechanical region

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18
Q

What is the proventriculus?

A

Glandular region
Stomach
Acid secretion

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19
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

One whole

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20
Q

What are pregastric fermenters?

A

Animals that have a microbial pop before the gastric stomach (less reliance on colonic and cecal microbes

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21
Q

Examples of pregastric fermenters

A

Cattle, sheep, deer, camel, colobine monkey, hamster, kangaroo, hippo

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22
Q

What are postgastric fermenters?

A

Animals that have a microbial pop after their gastric stomach, cecal or colonic (always omnivores and carnivores)

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23
Q

Examples of cecal digesters

A

Capybara, rabbit, rat, mice, birds (two ceca)

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24
Q

Examples of colonic digesters

A

Elephant, horse, new world monkeys, pig, human, dog, cat

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25
What are the four classifications of digesters?
Pregastric nonruminant, pregastric ruminant, postgastic cecal, postgastric colonic
26
what are the major nutrient classes and what is in them?
Inorganic- water, minerals Organic- carbs, lipids, proteins, vits
27
If the animal consumes mostly animal tissues, what carb are they eating most?
Glycogen
28
How is glucose stored in the body?
Glycogen
29
How is glucose stored in plants?
Starch
30
What are the two types of starch?
Amylose and amylopectin
31
What is the structural carb in plants?
Cellulose
32
What are characteristics of cellulose?
Part of plant cell wall and fiber Insoluble and resistant to breakdown Provides tensile strength
33
What is hemicellulose?
Forms H bonds with cellulose to form matrix Part of fiber Linear backbone composed of 1 type of sugar but short side chains are hetereogeneous
34
What is pectin?
Some is digestible Form matrix in cell wall that provides resistance to compression and cements adjacent cells together
35
Why is an animal unable to digest all carb types?
Type of bonds in the carbs that join the indiv sugar units
36
How are a- and b-linked carbs digested?
A- digested by animal enzymes B- digested by animal microbes
37
Where is salivary amylase not present?
in ruminants because there is no carb digestion in saliva
38
Do ruminants have pancreatic amylase?
Yes in low amounts
39
Carb digestion in postgastric colonic fermenters
Mouth-salivary amylase breaks down a-linked starch (no ruminants Stomach- mixing D- pancreatic amylase breaks down a-linked carbs to simple sugars J+I- absorption of simple sugars LI- microbial fermentation of a- and b-linked carbs to produce VFAs, absorption of VFAs
40
What is fermentation?
Process of carb breakdown Conversion of carbs to alcohols and CO2 or VFas using yeast, bac, or a combination under anaerobic conditions
41
What are the major plant-based carbs?
Starch, cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose
42
What are the 3 VFAs?
Acetate Butyrate Propionate
43
Where does most of the fermentation occur in ruminants?
Rumen and reticulum
44
Total rate of production and concentration of VFA are directly related to ___?
The intake of fermentable organic matter
45
How are VFAs absorbed?
Taken up by passive diffusion across digestive tract wall very quickly
46
What is the rate of VFA absorption determined by?
Concentration in fluid, digestion fluid pH, VFA chain length
47
Carb digestion in pregastric ruminants
Mouth- no salivary amylase Rumoreticulum- microbial fermentation of a- and b-linked carbs to produce VFAs, absorption of VFAs D- low levels of panceratic amylase break down a-linked carbs to simple sugars J+I- absorption of simple sugars LI- microbial fermentation of a- and b-linked carbs to produce VFAs, absorption of VFAs
48
What are the functions of lipids?
Structure, signaling, storage
49
What are the three important features of a fatty acid structure?
Chain length, degree of saturation, position of double bonds
50
What is a Saturated FA?
0 double bonds
51
What is a monounsaturated FA?
1 double bond
52
What is a polyunsaturated FA?
2 double bonds
53
What is cis vs trans on a molecule?
Cis- hydrogens on the same side Trans- hydrogens on different sides
54
What is a non-esterified FA and Free FA?
No attachment to glycerol backbone Interchangeable, same thing
55
What is a Triglyceride/triacylglycerol (TAG)?
3 FAs attached to a glycerol backbone any 3 fatty acids
56
What are the three essential fatty acids for cats?
Lineoleic acid, alpha-linoleic acid, arachidonic acid
57
What are the two essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid, alpha-linoleic acid
58
What is arachidonic acid synthesized from?
Linoleic acid Important for cell signaling
59
What is Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)?
Synthesized from a-linoleic acid High concentrations in fish
60
What does lipase do?
Detaches the FA from the glycerol (hydrolysis reaction) to release FFA/NEFA from the glycerol backbone Breaks down triglycerides to monoglycerides and FA
61
What does salivary lipase do?
acts on short-chain FA Must get this enzyme to come into contact with fats-emulsification
62
What does gastric lipase do?
Churning in stomach mixes digesta with gastric lipase
63
What are the two main agents for lipid digestion in the intestine?
Bile salts (emulsifier) Pancreatic lipase (hydrolytic enzyme)
64
What do bile salts do?
Secreted by liver through bile duct Activate pancreatic lipase Emulsify fats to micelles Recycled to liver via portal vein
65
What does pancreatic lipase do?
Water soluble Acts at the water-lipid interface of the emulsified oil droplet Liberates FFA from glycerol
66
How are lipids digested in ruminants?
Bac possesses lipases activity Bacteria lipases in rumen break down triglycerides into glycerol and FFA Glycerol used as energy source by bac to convert to propionic acid
67
What is hydrogenation?
When hydrogen to FA
68
Explain FA hydrolysis via bacterial lipase and hydrogenation by microbes
Unsaturated FA are biohydrogenated and flow to intestines for further digestion by pancreatic lipase and absorption in the SI
69
What is an essential amino acid?
Body cannot synthesize at all or cannot synthesize in adequate amounts to meet body's requirements
70
What are the nine essential amino acids?
Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, histidine
71
What is a non-essential amino acid?
Body can synthesize in the adequate amounts to meet body's requirements
72
What are the ten non-essential amino acids?
Alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine
73
What is an animal's protein requirement?
No animal has a protein requirement but do have an animo acid requirement
74
Why are amino acids important?
Important for biological function N containing compounds
75
What are the GI shapes?
Bean- post gastric No bean- pre gastric Big ball- ruminant No bean or big ball- pre-gastric non-ruminant Big bean big cecum- cecal digester Big bean small cecum- post gastric colonic
76
Lipid digestion in pregastric ruminants
Mouth-salivary amylase, frees indiv FA from backbone through hydrolysis, liberating FA from glycerol backbone Rumen- Bac lipase (step 1), hydrogenation (step 2), MUFA/PUFA to SFA Stomach- Gastric lipase D- Pancreatic lipase, liberating ay FA from glycerol backbone, bile salts help with emulsification J+I- Absorption of FFA C/C- Bacterial lipase hydrogenation
77
Lipid digestion in post gastric colonic digesters
Mouth-salivary amylase, frees indiv FA from backbone through hydrolysis, liberating FA from glycerol backbone Stomach- Gastric lipase (hydrolysis), no bac lipase D- Pancreatic lipase, liberating ay FA from glycerol backbone, bile salts help with emulsification J+I- Absorption of FFA C/C- Lipids not well absorbed

Animal Nutrition (4 decks)

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