Fill in the blanks for lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Stressors include what? (4)

A

Habitat loss, invasive species, climate change, overharvesting

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2
Q

Ecosystem functions are what?

A

Stocks and fluxes of energy and materials (ex: biomass, productivity, nutrient cycling), stability, invasibility

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3
Q

Biodiversity ecosystem function hypothesis (BDEF): a reduction in biological diversity (variety of species, genotypes, ect.) will cause a _______ __ ________ _____ _________.

A

reduction in ecosystem level processes

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4
Q

There are 3 classes of BDEF hypotheses:

1) Species are primarily ______
- loss of species is ___________ for by other species; or, the addition of such species adds nothing new

A

Redundant; compensated

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5
Q

Redundant species: a species could be lost “without much effect on the ______ ___ ______ of the whole community.

A

structure and function

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6
Q

3 classes of BDEF hypotheses:

2) Species are primarily ________
- Species contribute to ecosystem functioning in _______ ____, their loss or addition causes detectable changes.

A

unique ways

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7
Q

What are keystone speices?

A

A species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

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8
Q

Keystone species are most attributable to which class of BDEF hypothesis?

A

2) Species are primarily singular

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9
Q

3 classes of BDEF hypotheses:

3) Species impacts are context-dependent and therefore ___________.
- The impact of loss or addition of a species depends on ______ _________. (ex: composition)

A

unpredictable; local conditions

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10
Q

Assumptions of BDEF:

1) _______ is changed at a scale relevant to ecosystem functions

A

diversity

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11
Q

Assumptions of BDEF:

2) Reductions in commonly measured ecosystem variables are ___________.

A

undesirable

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12
Q

Ecosystem functioning is divided into 3 classes:

1) Stocks of _______ and ________ (ex: biomass)
2) ______ of energy or material processing (ex: productivity, decomposition, nutrient cycling)
3) ________ of rates or stocks over time (ex: invasion resistance)

A

1) energy and materials
2) Fluxes
3) Stability

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13
Q

What are the different properties of stability?

A

Resilience, resistance, robustness, persistence.

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14
Q

_________ - a measure of the speed at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance.

A

resilience

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15
Q

_________ - a measure of the degree of disturbance a system can withstand before switching to another state.

A

robustness

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16
Q

__________ - a measure of the ability of a system to maintain itself through time.

A

Persistence

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17
Q

________ - a measure of the ability of a system to maintain its original state in the face of a disturbance.

A

resistance

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18
Q

Diversity and stability: communities with more species are buffered against:

1) _________
2) ________
3) _________ __________

A

1) extinctions
2) invasions
3) environmental perturbations

19
Q

__________ effect: explains why more diverse systems are more stable.

A

portfolio effect

20
Q

The portfolio effect can be described as:
A broadly diverse portfolio _____ less over time (y) than if you invested only 1 or 2 stocks.
As you average more stocks (or more species), they become _____ variable.
Nature, like a stock, has _____ and ____ years.

A

1) varies
2) less
3) good;bad

21
Q

Ecosystem stability: treatment plots with _____ diversity were 70% more stable in biomass production than __________.

A

high; monocultures

22
Q

______ ___________: niche differentiation between species or genotypes allows for more efficient exploitation of resources.

A

niche complementarity

23
Q

Examples of niche complementarity (i.e. lack of niche overlap) are?

A

Utilization of the same resource differently, foraging in different ways, use different life stages of prey, use different part of the plant (resource).

24
Q

________ ______: species that are redundant in functional roles or capacity respond differently to stressors.

A

Insurance effects

25
niche complementarity hypothesis: combinations of species that differ in _______ ___ (low niche overlap) have greater impact on ecosystem function.
Resource use
26
When species niche overlap is low, expect ______ differences in ecosystem functioning.
large
27
Evidence for niche complementarity: 1) ______ ________ 2) ______ relationship between species richness and ecosystem functioning
1) transgressive overyielding | 2) positive
28
_______ _____________ plays a role in the way algal species diversity improves water quality (via nitrate uptake).
niche complementarity
29
Ecosystems with ______ _______ are more efficient at removing nutrients from soil and water than ecosystems with _______ ________.
more species; fewer species
30
_______ habitats: more niche opportunities for species to coexist.
heterogeneous
31
Streams with heterogeneous habitats allow ________ _________ among algal species.
resource partitioning
32
A single species becomes dominant in ___________ habitats.
homogeneous
33
Mechanisms that stabilize ecosystem functions via increased diversity: _______ _________ can stabilize communities through omnivory or the buffering of strong interactions by weak interactions. _____ _____ ______ ______ tend to stabilize food webs and characterize more diverse communities.
1) multitrophic interactions | 2) low mean interaction strengths
34
Monoculture: _______ environment for many natural enemies. Has been suggested that by ________ plant diversity, natural enemy numbers will ________ with a corresponding ________ in herbivore numbers.
1) hostile | 2) increasing; increase; decrease
35
What is this bitche's favourite model organism?
Dicyphus hesperus
36
________ design: species densities are constant across treatments.
substitutive
37
Temporal stability of individual species populations: equation?
S(i) = u(i) (mu)/sigma(i) mu(i) is the mean abundance of species i sigma(i) is its temporal standard deviation
38
Individuals species show higher stability in _________ than in ________.
polyculture; monoculture
39
Overall, ________ shows an increase in stability relative to __________.
polyculture; monoculture
40
Conclusions (Brommit et al.) 1) Herbivore population stability ________ with increased diversity 2) Specialist parasitoid population stability ______ with increased diversity 3) omnivore population stability _______ with increased diversity thus, 4)
increases for the 1-3 | 4) each trophic level stability increases with plant diversity
41
______ ________ increases withe the number of resident species.
biotic resistance
42
________ resistance increases with species richness.
invasion
43
Mechanism: diversity and invasibility (i.e. decrease in invasion success by exogenous plant species) 1) _______ in root biomass 2) ______ in available nitrate in plots
1) increase | 2) decrease