Fill in the blanks for lecture 2/3 Flashcards
Species biodiversity is the _______ of species in a community and some measure of its ________ _________.
1) number
2) relative abundance
The simplest measure of species biodiversity is the ______ of species. This is called species _______.
1) number
2) richness
The simplest measure of species biodiversity is ________ _________.
Species richness.
A diverse community has ______ species than a less diverse community.
more
Species diversity is defined on the basis of 2 factors: 1) Species _______ and 2) species _________.
1) Richness
2) Evenness
Species richness is the _______ of species.
number
Species evenness is the ________ ________ of species.
relative abundance
Simpson’s index of evenness: if 2 individuals were taken at ________ from a community, the probability that the two species belong to the same species is: (_) ________.
1) Random
2) (D) dominance
What are the two factors that define species diversity?
1) Species richness (or the number of species)
2) Species evenness (the relative abundance of species)
The differences in the species diversity index (Shannon-Wiener in this case) reflects the difference in _______ ________.
Species evenness.
By using life history traits, one may ________ which species or communities are most __ _____.
1) Predict
2) At risk
Mean fecundity, parenrtal care/large egg size, maximum maturation size are all components of the __________ strategy.
equilibrium
Maximum fecundity, large bodied, maximum maturation size are all components of the _________ strategy.
periodic
Minimum fecundity, smaller bodied, and minimum maturation size are all components of the _________ strategy.
opportunistic
The equilibrium strategy was seen in fish of ______ ______ _______.
Pacific coast texas
At low altitudes, we see the opportunistic strategy employed by the blacknose shiner, a fish of ______-______ _____ _______.
South-Eastern North America
The periodic strategy is see employed by large, old fishes of the ______ and ________ ________.
Western and Northern watershed.
These ______ ______ approaches in community ecology are just starting to become recognized. (ex: when trying to restock an area with fish; evolutionary basis)
trait based
Species richness is the ________ of species.
number
The relative abundance of species can be either due to ________ or ________.
1) dominance
2) evenness
Biodiversity is:
1) Species _______
2) ________ ________ of species to each other (_______ vs. _______)
3) Diversity of ________ traits
4) Diversity of _______ _______ ______
1) evenness
2) relative abundance; evenness vs. dominance)
3) genetic
4) functional feeding groups
Even with just _______ ______, spatial scale matters.
Species richness
The different spatial scales are what? (4) (In order of decreasing size)
1) Biogeographic region/realm
2) Biome/ecoregion
3) Regional
4) Local
_______ ______: the number of species at a local site.
Alpha diversity
_____ ______: the change in species composition between 2 or more sites or the amount of species turnover in a given region.
Beta diversity
______ ________: the total diversity in a given region across all sites.
Gamma diversity
Latitudinal gradients: ________ species richness closer to the equator.
Increasing
The four hypotheses to explain latitudinal diversity gradients are:
1) _____ hypothesis
2) ________ hypotheses: climate
3) ______ ________ and time for diversification
4) _________ hypothesis: rates of diversification
1) Null
2) Ecological
3) Geological history
4) Evolutionary
Null models (____ _____ ______): how relationships look in the absence of a process (ex: competition).
Mid domain effect
Storch et al (1996) Ecology letters 9:1308-1320: used global distribution of bird data. Mid domain model explained less than ___ _________.
2% globally
Better predictions when MDE (Mid-domain effect) was applied with __________ ______ (_________)
Biogeographic regions (continents)
Hypothesis 2 - Climate: _______ and _________ should explain patterns of latitudinal patterns in diversity. Should have more species where it is ______ and ____.
1) Temperature/(precipitation)
2) Precipitation/(temperature)
3) Warm/(wet)
4) Wet/(warm)
Species-energy hypothesis = _____ ________ hypothesis.
more individual
The species-energy hypothesis states that more productive regions (_______) should support _____ individuals.
Areas with more _________ should have more species.
1) Tropics
2) Individuals
3) Individuals
Species-Energy hypothesis is supported by data sets from ______ and ________.
- Trees (Worlwide data)
2. Birds (North American breeding bird survey)
The relationships for the species-energy hypothesis were __________ to account for increased diversity with decreasing latitude. For the data sets, species _______ _______ (solid observed line) than predicted (dashed line).
- Insufficient
2. increased faster
Why are there more species in the tropics than one would expect based on precipitation and number of individuals? The answer is that warmer regions with higher precipitation _______ ____ _____ ___ ______ __ _________ ________. So, species persist at ________ population sizes in warmer climates.
1) Support more species per number of individuals sampled
2) Smaller
Support: species-individual curve for marine benthic invertebrates. But…variation in minimum viable population size _______ _______ for orders of changes in species richness across latitude.
cannot account
Diversification = ________ - _________.
Speciation - (minus) extinction
L. G. Stebbins: are the tropics a _______ for generation of new taxa or a ________ for preservation of old taxa.
1) cradle
2) museum
(Hyp. 4) Tropical environments are ______ and more ___________ than temperate environments.
1) Older
2) Widespread
So… in tropics:
1) _____ time for diversification in tropics
2) ______ harsh climate events (ice ages)
1) More
2) Fewer
Global climate over the Cenozoic Era (past 65 million years): _____ then gradual _______.
Warm then gradual cooling
Tropical environments reached max extent 50 mya when warm waters (18C) extended into artic:
1) tropics are ______ than temperate areas
2) Tropics have a longer time free from ________
3) Tropics have _______ _____ during the early cenozoic.
1) Older
2) Extinction
3) greater area
Species area relationship: logS = logC + zlogA or _ = __^_
S = CA^z
Species area relationships: S = CA^z, where, S = \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A = \_\_\_\_\_\_ C = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ z = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
S = number of species A = Area C = intercept z = slope
Why is area important in determining species diversity?
1) ______ habitats support _____ species
2) _______ opportunities for __________
3) _______ populations and _______ risk of extinction
4) ________ areas support the ____ territories needed by carnivore species.
1) More; more
2) Greater; speciation
3) Larger; lower
4) Larger; huge
Larger areas have _____ variety of habitats and _____ species.
Greater;more
Larger areas have ______ populations and _____ probability of extinction
larger; lower
Large z values (of the species-area curve) = ______ _____ per unit area.
more species
small z values (species-area curve) = _____ ______ per unit area. Which means the island is more _________.
1) less species
2) homogeneous
Important events that affect species diversity on islands are:
1)
2)
1) Immigration of species to the island
2) Extinction
Immigration has two components:
1) ______ or _______ to island
2) Establishment of a _________ population
1) Dispersal or movement
2) breeding population
The two types of dispersal or movement are?
Passive and active. (passive is like wind dispersal, active is like flight or walking there)
Colonization of islands is:
1.
2.
1) Species specific (based on the trait of the species, ex: can it fly or dispersed by wind?)
2) Distance effect (how far away the island is from the mainland source of the species)
Global extinction is the loss of the ______ _____ _____ of a species.
entire gene pool
_____ extinction refers to the loss of a species in ______ of its range.
Species;part
Extinctions may affect ______ _____ in a community.
many species
Extinction is a _______ _______.
Natural process
Why do species become extinct? 1. 2. 3. 4.
1) predation effects
2) competition exclusion
3) Loss of genetic diversity
4) Random effects
Species-area relationships between mainland and island:
1) Mainland will support _____ species than the island
2) Species number doesn’t _____ ___ _____ on mainland so, slopes differ between habitats.
1) More
2) Change as fast
Species area relationships:
As islands _______ in size, they become more like the mainland.
Increase
Extinctions increase as an island fills with ________.
species
The reason that extinctions increase as an island fills with species is that:
1) There are _____ species to go extinct (math)
2) _____ populations have higher risk of extinctions - ______ effect
3) ________ _________ can hasten extinctions (ex: competitive exclusion)
1) More
2) Small
3) Species interactions
Several studies have shown that extinction rates are ______ on small islands.
greater
Why do smaller islands have higher extinction rates?
1) Smaller total population and greater risk of chance extinction
2) Fewer refuges (safe areas) from competitors and predators
I = ?
Immigration rate
When I = 0, S = ?
P
When S = P, this means what?
all species in the source pool are already on the island and there is NO MORE IMMIGRATION
Diversity is determined by the relationship between _______ and ________.
immigration and extinction
S-hat = ?
equilibrium diversity
The further away an island is, the lower the _________ rate
immigration
Smaller islands have _____ extinction rates and ______ species numbers compared to larger islands.
higher;lower
