Fill in the blanks for lecture 2/3

Question 1

Species biodiversity is the _______ of species in a community and some measure of its ________ _________.

Answer 1

1) number

2) relative abundance

Question 2

The simplest measure of species biodiversity is the ______ of species. This is called species _______.

Answer 2

1) number

2) richness

Question 3

The simplest measure of species biodiversity is ________ _________.

Answer 3

Species richness.

Question 4

A diverse community has ______ species than a less diverse community.

Answer 4

more

Question 5

Species diversity is defined on the basis of 2 factors: 1) Species _______ and 2) species _________.

Answer 5

1) Richness

2) Evenness

Question 6

Species richness is the _______ of species.

Answer 6

number

Question 7

Species evenness is the ________ ________ of species.

Answer 7

relative abundance

Question 8

Simpson’s index of evenness: if 2 individuals were taken at ________ from a community, the probability that the two species belong to the same species is: (_) ________.

Answer 8

1) Random

2) (D) dominance

Question 9

What are the two factors that define species diversity?

Answer 9

1) Species richness (or the number of species)

2) Species evenness (the relative abundance of species)

Question 10

The differences in the species diversity index (Shannon-Wiener in this case) reflects the difference in _______ ________.

Answer 10

Species evenness.

Question 11

By using life history traits, one may ________ which species or communities are most __ _____.

Answer 11

1) Predict

2) At risk

Question 12

Mean fecundity, parenrtal care/large egg size, maximum maturation size are all components of the __________ strategy.

Answer 12

equilibrium

Question 13

Maximum fecundity, large bodied, maximum maturation size are all components of the _________ strategy.

Answer 13

periodic

Question 14

Minimum fecundity, smaller bodied, and minimum maturation size are all components of the _________ strategy.

Answer 14

opportunistic

Question 15

The equilibrium strategy was seen in fish of ______ ______ _______.

Answer 15

Pacific coast texas

Question 16

At low altitudes, we see the opportunistic strategy employed by the blacknose shiner, a fish of ______-______ _____ _______.

Answer 16

South-Eastern North America

Question 17

The periodic strategy is see employed by large, old fishes of the ______ and ________ ________.

Answer 17

Western and Northern watershed.

Question 18

These ______ ______ approaches in community ecology are just starting to become recognized. (ex: when trying to restock an area with fish; evolutionary basis)

Answer 18

trait based

Question 19

Species richness is the ________ of species.

Answer 19

number

Question 20

The relative abundance of species can be either due to ________ or ________.

Answer 20

1) dominance

2) evenness

Question 21

Biodiversity is:

1) Species _______
2) ________ ________ of species to each other (_______ vs. _______)
3) Diversity of ________ traits
4) Diversity of _______ _______ ______

Answer 21

1) evenness
2) relative abundance; evenness vs. dominance)
3) genetic
4) functional feeding groups

Question 22

Even with just _______ ______, spatial scale matters.

Answer 22

Species richness

Question 23

The different spatial scales are what? (4) (In order of decreasing size)

Answer 23

1) Biogeographic region/realm
2) Biome/ecoregion
3) Regional
4) Local

Question 24

_______ ______: the number of species at a local site.

Answer 24

Alpha diversity

Question 25

_____ ______: the change in species composition between 2 or more sites or the amount of species turnover in a given region.

Answer 25

Beta diversity

Question 26

______ ________: the total diversity in a given region across all sites.

Answer 26

Gamma diversity

Question 27

Latitudinal gradients: ________ species richness closer to the equator.

Answer 27

Increasing

Question 28

The four hypotheses to explain latitudinal diversity gradients are: 1) _____ hypothesis 2) ________ hypotheses: climate 3) ______ ________ and time for diversification 4) _________ hypothesis: rates of diversification

Answer 28

1) Null 2) Ecological 3) Geological history 4) Evolutionary

Question 29

Null models (____ _____ ______): how relationships look in the absence of a process (ex: competition).

Answer 29

Mid domain effect

Question 30

Storch et al (1996) Ecology letters 9:1308-1320: used global distribution of bird data. Mid domain model explained less than ___ _________.

Answer 30

2% globally

Question 31

Better predictions when MDE (Mid-domain effect) was applied with __________ ______ (_________)

Answer 31

Biogeographic regions (continents)

Question 32

Hypothesis 2 - Climate: _______ and _________ should explain patterns of latitudinal patterns in diversity. Should have more species where it is ______ and ____.

Answer 32

1) Temperature/(precipitation) 2) Precipitation/(temperature) 3) Warm/(wet) 4) Wet/(warm)

Question 33

Species-energy hypothesis = _____ ________ hypothesis.

Answer 33

more individual

Question 34

The species-energy hypothesis states that more productive regions (_______) should support _____ individuals. Areas with more _________ should have more species.

Answer 34

1) Tropics 2) Individuals 3) Individuals

Question 35

Species-Energy hypothesis is supported by data sets from ______ and ________.

Answer 35

1. Trees (Worlwide data) | 2. Birds (North American breeding bird survey)

Question 36

The relationships for the species-energy hypothesis were __________ to account for increased diversity with decreasing latitude. For the data sets, species _______ _______ (solid observed line) than predicted (dashed line).

Answer 36

1. Insufficient | 2. increased faster

Question 37

Why are there more species in the tropics than one would expect based on precipitation and number of individuals? The answer is that warmer regions with higher precipitation _______ ____ _____ ___ ______ __ _________ ________. So, species persist at ________ population sizes in warmer climates.

Answer 37

1) Support more species per number of individuals sampled | 2) Smaller

Question 38

Support: species-individual curve for marine benthic invertebrates. But...variation in minimum viable population size _______ _______ for orders of changes in species richness across latitude.

Answer 38

cannot account

Question 39

Diversification = ________ - _________.

Answer 39

Speciation - (minus) extinction

Question 40

L. G. Stebbins: are the tropics a _______ for generation of new taxa or a ________ for preservation of old taxa.

Answer 40

1) cradle | 2) museum

Question 41

(Hyp. 4) Tropical environments are ______ and more ___________ than temperate environments.

Answer 41

1) Older | 2) Widespread

Question 42

So... in tropics: 1) _____ time for diversification in tropics 2) ______ harsh climate events (ice ages)

Answer 42

1) More | 2) Fewer

Question 43

Global climate over the Cenozoic Era (past 65 million years): _____ then gradual _______.

Answer 43

Warm then gradual cooling

Question 44

Tropical environments reached max extent 50 mya when warm waters (18C) extended into artic: 1) tropics are ______ than temperate areas 2) Tropics have a longer time free from ________ 3) Tropics have _______ _____ during the early cenozoic.

Answer 44

1) Older 2) Extinction 3) greater area

Question 45

Species area relationship: logS = logC + zlogA or _ = __^_

Answer 45

S = CA^z

Question 46

``` Species area relationships: S = CA^z, where, S = ______ __ ________ A = ______ C = ________ z = ________ ```

Answer 46

``` S = number of species A = Area C = intercept z = slope ```

Question 47

Why is area important in determining species diversity? 1) ______ habitats support _____ species 2) _______ opportunities for __________ 3) _______ populations and _______ risk of extinction 4) ________ areas support the ____ territories needed by carnivore species.

Answer 47

1) More; more 2) Greater; speciation 3) Larger; lower 4) Larger; huge

Question 48

Larger areas have _____ variety of habitats and _____ species.

Answer 48

Greater;more

Question 49

Larger areas have ______ populations and _____ probability of extinction

Answer 49

larger; lower

Question 50

Large z values (of the species-area curve) = ______ _____ per unit area.

Answer 50

more species

Question 51

small z values (species-area curve) = _____ ______ per unit area. Which means the island is more _________.

Answer 51

1) less species | 2) homogeneous

Question 52

Important events that affect species diversity on islands are: 1) 2)

Answer 52

1) Immigration of species to the island | 2) Extinction

Question 53

Immigration has two components: 1) ______ or _______ to island 2) Establishment of a _________ population

Answer 53

1) Dispersal or movement | 2) breeding population

Question 54

The two types of dispersal or movement are?

Answer 54

Passive and active. (passive is like wind dispersal, active is like flight or walking there)

Question 55

Colonization of islands is: 1. 2.

Answer 55

1) Species specific (based on the trait of the species, ex: can it fly or dispersed by wind?) 2) Distance effect (how far away the island is from the mainland source of the species)

Question 56

Global extinction is the loss of the ______ _____ _____ of a species.

Answer 56

entire gene pool

Question 57

_____ extinction refers to the loss of a species in ______ of its range.

Answer 57

Species;part

Question 58

Extinctions may affect ______ _____ in a community.

Answer 58

many species

Question 59

Extinction is a _______ _______.

Answer 59

Natural process

Question 60

``` Why do species become extinct? 1. 2. 3. 4. ```

Answer 60

1) predation effects 2) competition exclusion 3) Loss of genetic diversity 4) Random effects

Question 61

Species-area relationships between mainland and island: 1) Mainland will support _____ species than the island 2) Species number doesn't _____ ___ _____ on mainland so, slopes differ between habitats.

Answer 61

1) More | 2) Change as fast

Question 62

Species area relationships: | As islands _______ in size, they become more like the mainland.

Answer 62

Increase

Question 63

Extinctions increase as an island fills with ________.

Answer 63

species

Question 64

The reason that extinctions increase as an island fills with species is that: 1) There are _____ species to go extinct (math) 2) _____ populations have higher risk of extinctions - ______ effect 3) ________ _________ can hasten extinctions (ex: competitive exclusion)

Answer 64

1) More 2) Small 3) Species interactions

Question 65

Several studies have shown that extinction rates are ______ on small islands.

Answer 65

greater

Question 66

Why do smaller islands have higher extinction rates?

Answer 66

1) Smaller total population and greater risk of chance extinction 2) Fewer refuges (safe areas) from competitors and predators

Question 67

I = ?

Answer 67

Immigration rate

Question 68

When I = 0, S = ?

Answer 68

P

Question 69

When S = P, this means what?

Answer 69

all species in the source pool are already on the island and there is NO MORE IMMIGRATION

Question 70

Diversity is determined by the relationship between _______ and ________.

Answer 70

immigration and extinction

Question 71

S-hat = ?

Answer 71

equilibrium diversity

Question 72

The further away an island is, the lower the _________ rate

Answer 72

immigration

Question 73

Smaller islands have _____ extinction rates and ______ species numbers compared to larger islands.

Answer 73

higher;lower