File 4.0-4.5: Morphology (F)

Question 1

morphology

Answer 1

the component of mental grammar that deals with types of words and how words are formed out of smaller meaningful pieces and other words, the internal structure of words

Question 2

Lexicon

Answer 2

A mental dictionary

Question 3

Lexical categories

Answer 3

Also called: parts of speech.
Lexical categories are classes of words that differ in how other words can be constructed out of them
I.e. if a word belongs to the lexical category verb, it is possible to add -ing or -able to it to get another word (e.g., wind and drink are verbs). If a word belongs to the lexical category adjective, you can add -ness or -est to it to get another word (e.g., quick and happy are adjectives). If a word belongs to the category noun, you can usually add -s to it to make it plural (e.g., desk)

Question 4

Open lexical categories

Answer 4

Are open for new words. Are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Question 5

Closed lexical categories

Answer 5

rarely acquire new members. Closed lexical categories include pronouns (e.g., we, she, they), determiners (e.g., a, the, this, your), prepositions (e.g., on, of, under, for), and conjunctions (e.g., and, or, but)

Question 6

Root

Answer 6

A word is a root when other words are build from it. Catty can be derived from cat.

Question 7

Derivation

Answer 7

This process of creating words out of other words is called derivation. Derivation takes one word and performs one or more “operations” on it, the result being some other word, often of a different lexical category.

Question 8

Affix

Answer 8

Added pieces to a stem are affixes

Question 9

Stem

Answer 9

The part the affix is fixed upon is called the stem, this can also be the same was the root.

Question 10

Derivational affixes

Answer 10

Affixes that participate in derivational processes

Making a new word from a root

Question 11

Inflection

Answer 11

The creation of different grammatical forms of words. Inflection uses the same sorts of pieces, such as stems and affixes, or processes that derivation does, but the important difference is the linguistic entity that inflection creates—forms of words, rather than entirely new words. For example, in contrast to derivational affixes, inflectional affixes such as -s typically do not change the lexical category of the word—both cat and cats are nouns.

Question 12

What different properties of a word must be considered when looking at words and deciding if they mean the same or are different?

Answer 12

• phonological from
• meaning
• lexical category

Question 13

What types of process of affixation are there?

Answer 13

• prefix (before stem)
• affix (after stem)
• infix (in the middle)

Question 14

Compounding

Answer 14

Compounding is a process that forms new words not by means of affixes but from two or more independent words. The words that are the parts of the compound can be free morphemes, words derived by affixation, or even words formed by compounding themselves

• girlfriend
• textbook

Question 15

What are the 5 processes that can be used in a language to form words?

Answer 15

• compounding
• affixation
• reduplication
• alternation
• suppletion

Question 16

Analytic morphological type

Answer 16

are made up of sequences of free morphemes—each word consists of a single morpheme, used by itself with meaning and function intact.

Question 17

Isolating languages

Answer 17

A language that is purely analytic, they do not use any affixes
Type of analytical languages

Question 18

Suppletion

Answer 18

process of change whereby one form of a word has no phonological similarity to a related form of that word
A root that has no logical process of creating new words. Such as the verb go - went and is - was. They are irregular and don’t follow the normal rules of making new words.

Question 19

Morpheme

Answer 19

the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Question 20

Homophonous

Answer 20

affixes that sound alike but have different meanings or functions

Question 21

Free morpheme

Answer 21

may stand alone as a word

Question 22

Bound morpheme

Answer 22

must be attached to other morphemes; cannot stand alone

Question 23

Infix

Answer 23

A type of bound morpheme that is inserted into the middle of a word

Question 24

Reduplication

Answer 24

Repeating a whole syllable (e.g. dada and mama)

Question 25

Alternation

Answer 25

Morpheme-internal modifications
Changing a word also changes the word’s meaning to plural or something
Goose - geese
Man - men

Question 26

Synthetic morphological type

Answer 26

do use affixes to create words, or use a lot of them even

Question 27

Agglutinating language

Answer 27

a language that allows a great number of morphemes per word and has highly regular rules for combining morphemes

Question 28

Fusional language

Answer 28

A type of synthetic language in which the relationships between the words in a sentence are indicated by bound morphemes that are difficult to separate from the stem.

Question 29

Polysynthetic language

Answer 29

A type of language that attaches several affixes to a stem to indicate grammatical relationships.

Question 30

Input

Answer 30

Stems which are given an affix

Question 31

Output

Answer 31

When an affix attaches to a stem

Question 32

Ambiquous

Answer 32

When words are associated with more than one meaning

Question 33

Allomorph

Answer 33

variation of a morpheme