Field Research: Naturalistic and Case Study Research Flashcards
What are the six kinds of field research? Explain them ;)
Naturalitic Observation: observations of occurrences as they happen in their naturalistic environments.
Archive Research: studying data from existing sources and recordings.
Survey: directly asking people in a naturalistic environment.
Case study: an extensive evaluation of an individual or small group of people.
Program Evaluation: Evaluating a procedure used in naturalistic environments.
Field Experiments: doing experiments in their naturalistic environments to better understand causal relationship between variables
Biological, ethological, sociological and psychological research use field researches.
What is the challenge of field studys?
They are low-constraint
Please explain Case Studys!
These are low -constraint studys, BUT the researcher does select a specific environment, so the setting is different from the naturalistic environment. The targeted behaviour is predetermined, so not the whole context and natural occurrence of behaviour is observed.
What can be the value of low-constraint methods?
to explore new fields of research, get acquainted with new occurrences, participants or environments. They can also increase the generalizability of research findings. Also its quite likely to find new hypothesis, research questions etc.
Through this kind of research, new descriptive iformation emerges, can be falsified (cannot produce new gereal statements) and can identify possible relationships or contingencies between variables and stimulate high-constraint research.
What is the scientist-partitioner model?
It is a training model for graduate programs that aspires to train applied psychologists with a foundation of research and scientific practice.
The goal of the scientist-practitioner model is to increase scientific growth within clinical psychology in the United States. It calls for graduate programs to engage and develop psychologists’ background in psychological theory, field work, and research methodology. The scientist-practitioner model urges clinicians to allow empirical research to influence their applied practice; while simultaneously, allowing their experiences during applied practice to shape their future research questions. Therefore, continuously advancing, refining and perfecting the scientific paradigms of the field.[
What does qualitative research methods do and what are their goals?
They describe and analyse the functioning in naturalistic environments and can thus vary from informal conversations to court procedures. Its goal is gain understanding of an individual, rather than uncovering general principles. The aim of qualitative research may vary with the disciplinary background, such as a psychologist seeking to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. Qualitative methods examine the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when, or “who”.
What is the difference of discrete observation and participating observation?
- Avoids any inffluence on the participants 2. researcher participates by interacting with the participants –> you would call that a case-study)
Explain reactivity in this context.
Reactivity relates to the fact that people who know they are being observed act differently than in normal circumstances.
Discrete observations prevent such influences.
What is coding? Do you have a new example?
Often used in qualitative research. Specific behaviors have a specific value. e.g. interest level can be measured by how much time is being spent in a museum, rather than asking them to rate the museum on a scale from 1 to 5.
Narrative (verbal) data can also be used and therefor analyzed.
What is sampling?
The (manipulated) selection of participants.
what determines the generalizability of a sample?
How representative it is for a population.
What are the limitations of low-constraint methods (field research)?
- They usually have a low represenativeness
- Low replicability
- One can not conclude causal relationships with certainty
What do we call it when we conclude a causal relationship, based on a contingent relationship?
Ex post facto fallacy
Again. What is the researcher bias?
the impact the researcher’s expectation can have on observatons and interpretations the researcher makes.
Explain Priming!
Increase in speed of recognitio, reaction times or behaviour, caused by a previous occurrence.
