3. Chapter The starting Point: Asking Questions

Question 1

Heuristic Influence

Answer 1

is involved when theories or research results in create interest, disbelieve or antagonism, and give rise to new research questions

Question 2

Systematic influence

Answer 2

is involved when theories or research propose new, testable research questionsfor future research

Question 3

applied research

Answer 3

focusses on solving practicalproblems

Question 4

fundamental research

Answer 4

aims to increase scientific knowledge with no pracical goal in mind

Question 5

translational research

Answer 5

combines fundamental and applied research

Question 6

Behavioural Variable

Answer 6

any observable response an organism makes

Question 7

Stimulus Variable

Answer 7

specific features that make up the context in which behaviour occurs and possibly have effects on the organisms response, e.g. alcohol or a wet street on driving performance

Question 8

Organismic Variable

Answer 8

features of the participants by which they can be classified (e.g. sex, age which arre observable organismic variables, or e.g. intelligence which is a construct, thus these are called indirectly observed varriables

Question 9

Independent Variable

Answer 9

an actively manipulated variable by the researcher. non-manipulated independent variables are those wich cannot be manipulated ( eye colour, gender, age)

Question 10

Dependent Variable

Answer 10

variable whose value is probably dependent on the manipulation of the independent variable

Question 11

Confounding Variable

Answer 11

unplanned, uncontrolled factors that might influence the results, the researcher should avoid or actively controll confounding variables

Question 12

Constant Variables

Answer 12

specific situations or traits that can not have an effect on the study, because it kept constant (invariable over the participants) cosntant variables cannot be manipulated, only controlled (researchers can not change gender, but can select only males or females)

Question 13

Validity

Answer 13

relates to the extent to which a study, procedure or instrument truly measures what it aims to measure

Question 14

The Belmont Report

1. Beneficence
2. Autonomy
3. Justice

Answer 14

report stating ethical principles required in human research. 1. risks for participants are minimized rewards for both, participants and society are maximized

2. appropriate information so the participants can truly decide if they want to participate
3. risks and rewards have to be equally distributed over all members of the population

Question 15

Deception

Answer 15

giving of misleading information (e.g. for the sake of the study) = risks for participants, therefore protection procedure has to be in place

Question 16

Debriefing

Answer 16

a way to deal with deception by explaining the aim of the study and revealing the true nature of the deception

Question 17

Confidentiality

Answer 17

required from the researcher (e.g. participants are given a number therefore no violation of privacy can occur)

Question 18

Institutional Review Boards (IRB)

Answer 18

consist of researchers and community members, they judge researches on the ethical principles

Question 19

Participants Diversity

Answer 19

refers to representaions of different groups ( woman, Men, Children, ethnic groups, cultures) woman, children and ethnic minorities are under-representated