FI 18-21 Flashcards
diversification benefit of FI
- Investment grade bond has low correlation with equities, US high yield bond and EM bonds
- less volatile
- correlation between T bond and equity decrease during recession while correlation between junk and equity increase
inflation hedge potential
bond with floating rate coupon protect interest income from inflation
because the reference should adjust for inflation
floating rate bonds only adjust coupon risk
inflation linked bonds
hedge both coupon and principle risk.
include real return + additional component that is tied directly to inflation rate.
std is lower than conventional bonds and equity because it depends on real interest rate.
result in superior risk adjusted real portfolios returns
result in superior mean-efficient frontier.
fixed coupon bond
no protection for either coupon or principle risk
liability based mandates
managed to match to lower exp. liability pmt with future projected cash inflows
structured mandate
ALM
liability driven LDI
liability based mandate approach
- cash flow match
- duration match
lowest initial funding
higher expected return - continent immunization
highest expected return
highest initial funding
(hybrid of cf and duration) - horizon matching
(hybrid of cf and nearer-term and duration matching LT liability)
low initial funding
less expected return
immunization = zero replication
~ liability BPV * change in liability yields
characteristics of a bond portfolio structured to immunize a single liability are that it
(1) mv(A)>=mv(L)
(2) has a portfolio Macaulay duration that matches the liability’s due date, and
(3) minimizes the portfolio convexity statistic.
process of structuring and managing FI portfolio to minimize the variance in the realized rate of return over a known time horizon
match CF yield
- variance arises from volatility of future interest rate
- immunize the int. rate on a single liability is to buy a zero-coupon bond that futures on the obligation’s due date
par matches the liability amount
imitation:
- may not be enough bonds available to match all liabilities
- protects against only a parallel change in the yield curve
- rebalancing and the need to liquidate position can result in high portfolio turnover
- a potfolio is an immunized portflio only at a given point in time
- need to rebalance makes liquidity consideration important
- assume bond issuer do not default, and do not protect against issuer-or bond-specific interest rate change such credit quality change.
- can accommodate bonds with embedded option to the extend a bond’s duration is replaced by its effective duration as an input to the methodology
duration matching
lowest initial cost
high expected return
require reinvestment risk and price risk to offset.
multiple liability:
matching money duration is useful because the market value and cash flow yield of asset and liabilities are not necessarily equal
interest rate increase, high reinvestment income offset the decrease in bond prices
interest rate decrease, reduce reinvestment income is offset by an increase in a bond prices
- MV(A)>=MV(L)
- BPVa = BPVl
- convexityA > Convexity liabilities
- rebalance required as time and yield change
zero-coupon bond designed to match liability CF
compare duration vs. cf matching
no yield curve assumption
duration:
parallel yield curve shift risk of shortfall in cf is minimized by matching duration and pv of liability steam
cf: bond portfolio cf match liability
basic principle duration:
duration: cf for coupon and principle pmt offset liability cost
cf: coupons, principle of bond portfolio offset liability cf
more complexity than cf matching method
contigent immunization
MOST COSTLY
Highest return
active management requires surplus
v(A) > v(l) a surplus
if asset earn more than initially available immunization rate, the surplus will grow and eventually be returned to the investor
overhedge the duration gap
if yields are expected to fall
and underhedge the duration gap
if yields are expected to rise.
concerns:
vulnerable to liquidity risk
- if surplus declines, assets must be quickly liquidated without further loss and converted to an immunizing portfolio before the surplus become negative
- even if only the surplus amount is active managed, liquidity issues can still be a problem.
- IF short option contracts were used, the downside risk is unlimited for calls an very large for puts. Likewise the potential losses on futures contract are very large and could exceeds the portfolio surplus.
Liquidity is an important consideration in a contingent immunization strategy because positions may need to be unwound as the surplus is eliminated due to losses.
horizon matching
ST liability (4-5 yr) covered by cf matching LT liability covered by a date matching approach
Horizon matching is another hybrid approach, combining cash-flow and duration matching to fund multiple future liabilities. Shorter-term liabilities are cash-flow matched, and longer-term liabilities are duration matched. The horizon matching should cost less than pure cash-flow matching, with minimal additional risk.
total return mandates
pure index
enhanced index active risk <=50bps
active management outperformance >=50bps
bond market liquidity
most recent issued (on the run) DM gov’t bond are likely to be quite liquid.
search cost
liquidity is highest right after insurance
liquidity affects bond yield, require increase yield for invest in iliquid securities
high yield/cost include opportunity cost associate with delays in finding trading counter-parties
bid-ask spread
liquidity premium various depending on issuer, issue size, date of maturity.
bond with higher liquidity
higher credit worthy govt’ issue
greater price transparency
lower search cost
liquidity, search cost, and price transparency are closely related to the type of issuer an its credit quality.
liquidity varies across sub-sectors, categorized by key features, such as issuer type, issue size, credit quality, and maturity.
increase for Sovereign g-bond
high credit
larger size
near-term maturity
effect of liquidity on FI portfolio management
- pricing is less transparent but improving
benefit: not sophisticated
disadvantage: some value relevent features b/w diff bonds maybe ignored
- portfolio construction:
trade off between yield and liquidity
- illiquid bond have higher yield, buy and hold investor prefer high yield over liquidity
- bid-ask spread is affect by the liquidity of dealer’s inventory
Bid is a function of bond’s complexity, liquidity directly increase bid ask spread
alternatives to direct invest in bonds
fixed income derivative on OTC
bond futures, inflation swap, total return swap, credit swap
ETFs inkinds AP & redem
E(R) =
yield income \+roll-down return = roll-down yield \+E(change implied based on invests view of yield and yield spread) -E(credit losses) \+E(currency g/l)
yield income
coupon / current bond price
roll down return
P1/P0-1
E(change in price from view)
(-MD*change in yield)
+1/2(convexity * (change in yield)^2))
used ED for bond with embedded option
Exp credit losses
POD*LGD
Limitation of expected return decomposition
- only downward convexity are used to summarize the price-yield relationship
- assume all intermediate cf are reinvested at YTM
- ignores local richness/cheapess effects
- ignores potential financial advantages to certain maturity segments in the repo market
FI leverage
rp return on levered portfolio
increase return
rp = portfolio return/ portfolio equity
= ri + VB/VE*(ri-rb)
vb Value of borrowed
ri return on investment return
rb cost of borrwing