FHPO Chapters 1-12 Flashcards
Historically, ASL had 2 major contributors, which are?
Laurent Clerc and the Vineyarders
The first deaf teacher of the deaf in the US
Laurent Clerc
Laurent Clerc was the co-founder of what?
The American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut
Pioneered sign-based education for deaf people in the Western Hemisphere
The American School for the Deaf, affectionally known as “Old Hartford”
ASL has evolved from a blend of what 2 sources?
Old French Sign Language (brought here by Clerc)
&
Old American sign language, used in the communities of Chilmark and West Tisbury on Martha’s Vineyard
This is where signing was as accepted as normal speech, used by the deaf and hearing alike.
Martha’s Vineyard
ASL is a hybrid of ____ and a?
Hybrid of FSL, and an indigenous sign language
When a subordinate language picks up words and uses them from a dominating language, which are gradually incorporated into the subordinate language
Creolization
When and where did the history of ASL in the classroom begin?
Early 19th century in Hartford, Connecticut
Dr. Mason Fitch Cogswell had a daughter in 1805 that was
Deafened early because of spotted fever
Why didn’t Dr. Cogswell send Alice to Braidwood?
Didn’t like the idea of shipping her off on the dangerous month long voyage
How did Thomas Gallaudet meet Alice?
Thomas was there neighbor. He was a graduate of Yale and was home recovering from his chronic ill health. He noticed Alice apart from the other kids unable to join in their play.
When Thomas first arrived in Paris, he went where and what happened there?
Went to the Braidwood Academy. They wanted outrageous pay and 3-5 years. So he left.
Where did Thomas go after Braidwood?
A public demonstration given by the abbé Sicard in Londonv
What happened at the public demonstration?
The abbé Siccard showed off his 2 brightest students: Jean Massieu and Laurent Clerc. He would sign them questions about the French education of the deaf and they would write it down on chalkboards.
In 1816, Gallaudet was invited by Sicard to what?
The French National Institute in Paris and was given access to everything.
What did Thomas G realize after being received at the French National Institute?
Not enough time to master everything he needed to know to teach the deaf. Clerc volunteered to go with him to the states and establish a new school
During their 51 day journey on board the ?, Clerc taught Gallaudet the fine points of LSF, and Gallaudet taught Clerc some English.
Mary Augusta
What opened in Hartford, Connecticut in April 15,1817?
The American Asylum for the Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons
When was ASL thought of as a language?
When William C. Stoke subjected it to linguistic analysis.
Did the American Asylum for the Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons use oral education?
No, expect for a few semi-mutes. Was seen as a waste of time
Both Clerc and Gallaudet married people from where
“Old Hartford” alumni
What was the first recorded deaf marriage in US?
In 1818 when Clerc married Eliza Crocker
Gallaudet married this woman, soon afterwards known as the “queen of the Deaf community”
Sophia Fowler
The founder and first president of Gallaudet University
Edward Miner Gallaudet
Schools for the deaf predates the formal est. of what?
Public schools
The world’s first and the only liberal-arts college for the Deaf
Gallaudet university
Gallaudet was named after who
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
In 1850, Gallaudet and Clerc were
Honored at a convocation of all living Hartford alumni
In June 1817, two months after its opening, this president visited Old Hartford to give a speech
President Monroe
Describe how the sign for president came about
On the occasion of his visit to old Hartford, he wore a tricorn hat, and one deaf boy climbed a tree to get a better look. When his friends asked if he could see them he said yes by making the shape for a hat and pointed toward the president.
When and who became the first deaf person to address the US Congress to request a grant for his school
1818 Laurent Clerc
Who saw Clerc carrying on an animated signed conversation with another deaf man in a Parisian cafe during his stint as an assistant US envoy to France in 1803
President Monroe
Monroe was probably the first US president to what?
To have direct contact – and real communication – with a deaf person
Is there one sign language for all countries?
NO! Every national sign language is different
While ASL possesses many regional dialects and accents, is standardized enough to
Be easily understood by ASL users (estimated 500,000 to 2 million)
The native sign language of Chilmark and Tisbury, the Martha’s Vineyard communities with an unusually high incidence of hereditary deafness, evolved from what?
Old Kentish Sign Language (the earliest deaf settlers came from the southeastern English country of Kent$
ASL belongs to the same family as ___ and ___
FSL and Spanish Sign Language
ASL is quite different from British Sign Language, which remains largely impervious to
French influence
This forms and important group, rich and vibrant, who’s artistic possibilities have begun to be explored
Scandinavian sign language
Differs from any European sign language
Asian Sign languages
Each school for the deaf in this country, with 11 of the 12 schools being oral, has its own sign language system, as used by the students
Japanese Sign language
Some of these are influenced by the native sign language of missionaries
African sign languages
This functions as a kind of visual Esperanto, being an international sign language to some extent
Gestuno
Gestuno was developed when by who?
In the 1970s by the World Federation of the Deaf’s Commission on Unification of Signs
At the Gala Opening Performance at the DEAF WAY international conference and festival in Washington DC, in 1989, American deaf performers did what
We’re drilled in Gestuno to introduce acts and give simple communications to the audience
Gestuno was developed by a committee meaning
And it’s partly based on what?
It’s not a real language:
ASL
What is the closest thing we have to a universally recognized language?
ASL (because it is the worlds most well known and popular sign language)
Is there any similarity between Braille and ASL?
None whatsoever
Braille is what?
ASL is what?
Braille is a tactile code
ASL is a visual language
Is Braille a language?
No. It’s a code, a way of translating flat copy written English into a tactile form.
What is very roughly equivalent to fingerspelling and why?
Morse Code because it can be used to communicate directly with blind people (conversationally)
How do deaf blind people communicate
With tactile signing and fingerspelling (either done directly in the palm, or in the usual front of body position, and read with the fingertips)
What is the definition of ASL?
There is no clear definition of what exactly ASL is. Some think there can be, some think there can’t be.
Was FSL invented by the Abbe de l’ Epee?
No, FSL was invented by deaf people
Who was the abbe Charles-Michel de l’ Epee?
A “neighborhood priest” whose involvement with deaf people began in the mid 1700s century
When and how did the abbe’s involvement with deaf people begin?
Mid 1700s when he met twin deaf sisters whose mother begged him to teach them
What was the abbe’s reasons for teaching deaf people?
- wanted to save deaf people’s souls from damnation because they had to understand the sacraments
- humanitarian
He was the first hearing person to do what?
To go to the deaf community and let the deaf people teach him
He founded the first successful school for deaf students in paris called what?
National Institute for Deaf-Mutes
The National Institute for Deaf-Mutes was the first?
free publicschool for the deaf
In his classes, the abbe used what techniques?
Signs from FSL and an added set of signs he invented called methodical signs
These were signs the abbe invented that represented aspects of French grammar that lacked equivalents in FSL
Methodical signs
What did Harlan Lane write?
When the Mind Hears
In Harlan Lane’s “When the Mind Hears”, the Abbe was the first known educator that bothered to do what?
Learn from the deaf themselves
The Abbe had nothing to do with the invention of sign language, rather, he recognized what?
the importance of sign language as the best way to communicate with and educate deaf people.
The Abbe pioneered the use of sign language for what
an institutional setting
Who was Epee’s successor?
the Abbe Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard
The Abbe wrote a two-volume treatise on deaf education called what?
Theorie des Signs (1808)
Where did the book Theorie des Signs find its way to?
Dr. Cogswell’s library, who gave it to Thomas Gallaudet
The French approach- the use of the native sign to teach the native written langauge – was known as what?
The “silent” or “natural” method
Who was one of Sicard’s first pupil and became one of the first truly educated Deaf persons
Jean Massieu
Who was Massieu’s pupil?
Laurent Clerc
What is the orgins of BSL?
BSL is the creation of members of the Deaf community in the British Isles, New Zeland, and Australia
What is the origins of ASL?
ASL is an indigenous product influence by FSL brought by Laurent Clerc
In 1992, the British Deaf Association published what?
A comprehensive Dictionary of British Sign Language/English
What is one indirect link between ASL and BSL?
The Marthas Vineyard dialect. The history of the deaf population there has been traced to a handful of Kentish families in England
What was blended together to become Old ASL?
- A few Martha’s Vineyarders’ went to Old Hartford and brought their signs which blended with Clerc’s FSL
How are FSL and ASL different in fingerspelling?
- FSL uses a two-handed manual alphabet
- ASL uses a one-handed version derived from the Spanish system
While France had a strong sign-language tradition, England had a rigorous
oral one
While the Paris became a world center for sign language accepting students nationally, what was it like in England?
The Braidwood family maintained their monopoly on deaf education in the British Isles.
Why did the Braidwoods refuse to give Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet the timely assistance he requested when he visited them?
They wanted John Braidwood the Younger, not some outsider, to establish and run the new American school
An estimated ___% of contemporary ASL signs derive from FSL
60%
Who invented the British manual alphabet and why?
Hearing teachers as an aid to oral education
When did Deaf culture flourish in Britian?
Mid 1800s – around the time that Gallaudet University was founded and Deaf culture was at its peak here –
After the downfall of the Braidwood academy, sign-language based education reigned until what?
The infamous Congress of Milan in 1880 where oralism became the rule and deaf teachers became an extinct species
Manchester University is known for what?
The chief training center for oralist teachers. Carry a rigid “Machester Method” oral approach to schools for the deaf throughout Africa and Asia
Who was Patron of the BDA for several years and contributed a foreword to the monumental dictionary?
The late Princess Diana
Several ancestors of the present British royal family were deaf, including Prince Phillip’s mother,
Princess Alice of Battenberg
Who is said to have learned sign language to communicate with her deaf relatives
Queen Victoria
Although Princess Diana was not the first or only royal patron of the BDA, she was probably the first of the modern royals to bother to
learn BSL
The French influence on ASL is mostly found where?
In the vocabulary
Unlike English, the word order of ASL varies according to what?
Emphasis – and the nuances of expression
ASL and ___ use classifiers in the exact same way; their morphology (word formation) is similar.
Navajo
ASL is structurally closer to Navajo than English
woahhhh
There have been numerous attempts to teach English to deaf students through this – invented sign systems that depict English vocabulary and grammatical structure
Manually Coded English (MCE)
What are the best known MCE systems and who invented them?
- SEE-1 (Seeing Essential English)
- SEE-2 (Signing Exact English)
Both created by deaf teachers
Hearing people taking beginning sign language classes usually learn what?
Signed English (ASL signs used in English word order)
Deaf people tend to use this when communicating with hearing people. A signed form of English.
Pidgin Sign English (PSE)
PSE and signed English are considered part of ASL, with PSE being considered a variant form of ASL
Ya
With ASL you have to abandon English thinking and think ____
Visually
Is ASL a written language?
No. Since it is a purely visual/gestural language, it has no written form.
Who was the pioneering researcher or ASL who did much to gain linguistic respect for ASL as a distinct and living language.
Dr. William C. Stoke
Dr. William C stoke published what in 1965?
The first ASL dictionary
Using English words to give an approximate translation of ASL signs is called
Glosses
Valerie Sutton published a bilingual newspaper called what?
The Sign Writer
Sam Supalla, a deaf professor and linguist in Arizona, has created a modified what?
ASL-writing system and uses it successfully to help young deaf children learn English
ASL is not a written language. It is never written in everyday use. However, it can be glossed, coded, or translated into English. But it will only be what?
Approximation of ASL
How do deaf people learn sign
From each other
From the beginning, Deaf children who have Deaf parents always done what?
Taught the other deaf kids ASL at residential schools.
It’s estimated that __% of deaf adults who were deaf as children use ASL, and most of them learned it at schools for the deaf from each other. They simply sign behind the teachers back.
90%
ASL is said to be the only language in the world that is transmitted how?
From child to child
Most deaf parents have what percent of hearing children?
90%
Of the 10% of deaf parents that have deaf children, they do what?
Send them to residential schools where they teach other kids ASL
What is the best way to learn ASL?
Total immersion by living with deaf people
Can people who are deaf from birth appreciate jokes and puns that involve homonyms (sound alike words)?
No. They’re pretty much incomprehensible to many born deaf people
What is real deaf humor based on?
Visually based. Encompasses gesture, mime, cinematic affects, and a lot of spontaneous sign play
Are there such things as a cents among signers from different areas of the country or world?
Yes. Every signer signs different, developing their own unique style.
Instead of vocal accents, signers have what?
Gestural/kinetic accents–differences in visual intonation
Until recently, ASL was considered what and Signed English was considered what?
ASL was low class Signed English was considered correct and educated
What are the 3 new no racist signs?
Korean (their hats) Japanese (their island created by gods), Chinese (the buttons on their jackets)
Where is the normal signing space?
Extends from the top of the head to the waist, and from shoulder to shoulder.
What is a comfortable distance when talking to someone in sign?
At least an extended arms length
