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ASL 101 > FHPO Chapters 1-12 > Flashcards

FHPO Chapters 1-12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Historically, ASL had 2 major contributors, which are?

A

Laurent Clerc and the Vineyarders

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2
Q

The first deaf teacher of the deaf in the US

A

Laurent Clerc

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3
Q

Laurent Clerc was the co-founder of what?

A

The American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut

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4
Q

Pioneered sign-based education for deaf people in the Western Hemisphere

A

The American School for the Deaf, affectionally known as “Old Hartford”

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5
Q

ASL has evolved from a blend of what 2 sources?

A

Old French Sign Language (brought here by Clerc)
&
Old American sign language, used in the communities of Chilmark and West Tisbury on Martha’s Vineyard

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6
Q

This is where signing was as accepted as normal speech, used by the deaf and hearing alike.

A

Martha’s Vineyard

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7
Q

ASL is a hybrid of ____ and a?

A

Hybrid of FSL, and an indigenous sign language

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8
Q

When a subordinate language picks up words and uses them from a dominating language, which are gradually incorporated into the subordinate language

A

Creolization

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9
Q

When and where did the history of ASL in the classroom begin?

A

Early 19th century in Hartford, Connecticut

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10
Q

Dr. Mason Fitch Cogswell had a daughter in 1805 that was

A

Deafened early because of spotted fever

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11
Q

Why didn’t Dr. Cogswell send Alice to Braidwood?

A

Didn’t like the idea of shipping her off on the dangerous month long voyage

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12
Q

How did Thomas Gallaudet meet Alice?

A

Thomas was there neighbor. He was a graduate of Yale and was home recovering from his chronic ill health. He noticed Alice apart from the other kids unable to join in their play.

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13
Q

When Thomas first arrived in Paris, he went where and what happened there?

A

Went to the Braidwood Academy. They wanted outrageous pay and 3-5 years. So he left.

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14
Q

Where did Thomas go after Braidwood?

A

A public demonstration given by the abbé Sicard in Londonv

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15
Q

What happened at the public demonstration?

A

The abbé Siccard showed off his 2 brightest students: Jean Massieu and Laurent Clerc. He would sign them questions about the French education of the deaf and they would write it down on chalkboards.

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16
Q

In 1816, Gallaudet was invited by Sicard to what?

A

The French National Institute in Paris and was given access to everything.

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17
Q

What did Thomas G realize after being received at the French National Institute?

A

Not enough time to master everything he needed to know to teach the deaf. Clerc volunteered to go with him to the states and establish a new school

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18
Q

During their 51 day journey on board the ?, Clerc taught Gallaudet the fine points of LSF, and Gallaudet taught Clerc some English.

A

Mary Augusta

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19
Q

What opened in Hartford, Connecticut in April 15,1817?

A

The American Asylum for the Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons

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20
Q

When was ASL thought of as a language?

A

When William C. Stoke subjected it to linguistic analysis.

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21
Q

Did the American Asylum for the Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons use oral education?

A

No, expect for a few semi-mutes. Was seen as a waste of time

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22
Q

Both Clerc and Gallaudet married people from where

A

“Old Hartford” alumni

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23
Q

What was the first recorded deaf marriage in US?

A

In 1818 when Clerc married Eliza Crocker

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24
Q

Gallaudet married this woman, soon afterwards known as the “queen of the Deaf community”

A

Sophia Fowler

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25
Q

The founder and first president of Gallaudet University

A

Edward Miner Gallaudet

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26
Q

Schools for the deaf predates the formal est. of what?

A

Public schools

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27
Q

The world’s first and the only liberal-arts college for the Deaf

A

Gallaudet university

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28
Q

Gallaudet was named after who

A

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet

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29
Q

In 1850, Gallaudet and Clerc were

A

Honored at a convocation of all living Hartford alumni

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30
Q

In June 1817, two months after its opening, this president visited Old Hartford to give a speech

A

President Monroe

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31
Q

Describe how the sign for president came about

A

On the occasion of his visit to old Hartford, he wore a tricorn hat, and one deaf boy climbed a tree to get a better look. When his friends asked if he could see them he said yes by making the shape for a hat and pointed toward the president.

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32
Q

When and who became the first deaf person to address the US Congress to request a grant for his school

A

1818 Laurent Clerc

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33
Q

Who saw Clerc carrying on an animated signed conversation with another deaf man in a Parisian cafe during his stint as an assistant US envoy to France in 1803

A

President Monroe

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34
Q

Monroe was probably the first US president to what?

A

To have direct contact – and real communication – with a deaf person

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35
Q

Is there one sign language for all countries?

A

NO! Every national sign language is different

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36
Q

While ASL possesses many regional dialects and accents, is standardized enough to

A

Be easily understood by ASL users (estimated 500,000 to 2 million)

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37
Q

The native sign language of Chilmark and Tisbury, the Martha’s Vineyard communities with an unusually high incidence of hereditary deafness, evolved from what?

A

Old Kentish Sign Language (the earliest deaf settlers came from the southeastern English country of Kent$

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38
Q

ASL belongs to the same family as ___ and ___

A

FSL and Spanish Sign Language

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39
Q

ASL is quite different from British Sign Language, which remains largely impervious to

A

French influence

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40
Q

This forms and important group, rich and vibrant, who’s artistic possibilities have begun to be explored

A

Scandinavian sign language

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41
Q

Differs from any European sign language

A

Asian Sign languages

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42
Q

Each school for the deaf in this country, with 11 of the 12 schools being oral, has its own sign language system, as used by the students

A

Japanese Sign language

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43
Q

Some of these are influenced by the native sign language of missionaries

A

African sign languages

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44
Q

This functions as a kind of visual Esperanto, being an international sign language to some extent

A

Gestuno

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45
Q

Gestuno was developed when by who?

A

In the 1970s by the World Federation of the Deaf’s Commission on Unification of Signs

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46
Q

At the Gala Opening Performance at the DEAF WAY international conference and festival in Washington DC, in 1989, American deaf performers did what

A

We’re drilled in Gestuno to introduce acts and give simple communications to the audience

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47
Q

Gestuno was developed by a committee meaning

And it’s partly based on what?

A

It’s not a real language:

ASL

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48
Q

What is the closest thing we have to a universally recognized language?

A

ASL (because it is the worlds most well known and popular sign language)

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49
Q

Is there any similarity between Braille and ASL?

A

None whatsoever

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50
Q

Braille is what?

ASL is what?

A

Braille is a tactile code

ASL is a visual language

51
Q

Is Braille a language?

A

No. It’s a code, a way of translating flat copy written English into a tactile form.

52
Q

What is very roughly equivalent to fingerspelling and why?

A

Morse Code because it can be used to communicate directly with blind people (conversationally)

53
Q

How do deaf blind people communicate

A

With tactile signing and fingerspelling (either done directly in the palm, or in the usual front of body position, and read with the fingertips)

54
Q

What is the definition of ASL?

A

There is no clear definition of what exactly ASL is. Some think there can be, some think there can’t be.

55
Q

Was FSL invented by the Abbe de l’ Epee?

A

No, FSL was invented by deaf people

56
Q

Who was the abbe Charles-Michel de l’ Epee?

A

A “neighborhood priest” whose involvement with deaf people began in the mid 1700s century

57
Q

When and how did the abbe’s involvement with deaf people begin?

A

Mid 1700s when he met twin deaf sisters whose mother begged him to teach them

58
Q

What was the abbe’s reasons for teaching deaf people?

A
  1. wanted to save deaf people’s souls from damnation because they had to understand the sacraments
  2. humanitarian
59
Q

He was the first hearing person to do what?

A

To go to the deaf community and let the deaf people teach him

60
Q

He founded the first successful school for deaf students in paris called what?

A

National Institute for Deaf-Mutes

61
Q

The National Institute for Deaf-Mutes was the first?

A

free publicschool for the deaf

62
Q

In his classes, the abbe used what techniques?

A

Signs from FSL and an added set of signs he invented called methodical signs

63
Q

These were signs the abbe invented that represented aspects of French grammar that lacked equivalents in FSL

A

Methodical signs

64
Q

What did Harlan Lane write?

A

When the Mind Hears

65
Q

In Harlan Lane’s “When the Mind Hears”, the Abbe was the first known educator that bothered to do what?

A

Learn from the deaf themselves

66
Q

The Abbe had nothing to do with the invention of sign language, rather, he recognized what?

A

the importance of sign language as the best way to communicate with and educate deaf people.

67
Q

The Abbe pioneered the use of sign language for what

A

an institutional setting

68
Q

Who was Epee’s successor?

A

the Abbe Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard

69
Q

The Abbe wrote a two-volume treatise on deaf education called what?

A

Theorie des Signs (1808)

70
Q

Where did the book Theorie des Signs find its way to?

A

Dr. Cogswell’s library, who gave it to Thomas Gallaudet

71
Q

The French approach- the use of the native sign to teach the native written langauge – was known as what?

A

The “silent” or “natural” method

72
Q

Who was one of Sicard’s first pupil and became one of the first truly educated Deaf persons

A

Jean Massieu

73
Q

Who was Massieu’s pupil?

A

Laurent Clerc

74
Q

What is the orgins of BSL?

A

BSL is the creation of members of the Deaf community in the British Isles, New Zeland, and Australia

75
Q

What is the origins of ASL?

A

ASL is an indigenous product influence by FSL brought by Laurent Clerc

76
Q

In 1992, the British Deaf Association published what?

A

A comprehensive Dictionary of British Sign Language/English

77
Q

What is one indirect link between ASL and BSL?

A

The Marthas Vineyard dialect. The history of the deaf population there has been traced to a handful of Kentish families in England

78
Q

What was blended together to become Old ASL?

A
  • A few Martha’s Vineyarders’ went to Old Hartford and brought their signs which blended with Clerc’s FSL
79
Q

How are FSL and ASL different in fingerspelling?

A
  • FSL uses a two-handed manual alphabet

- ASL uses a one-handed version derived from the Spanish system

80
Q

While France had a strong sign-language tradition, England had a rigorous

A

oral one

81
Q

While the Paris became a world center for sign language accepting students nationally, what was it like in England?

A

The Braidwood family maintained their monopoly on deaf education in the British Isles.

82
Q

Why did the Braidwoods refuse to give Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet the timely assistance he requested when he visited them?

A

They wanted John Braidwood the Younger, not some outsider, to establish and run the new American school

83
Q

An estimated ___% of contemporary ASL signs derive from FSL

A

60%

84
Q

Who invented the British manual alphabet and why?

A

Hearing teachers as an aid to oral education

85
Q

When did Deaf culture flourish in Britian?

A

Mid 1800s – around the time that Gallaudet University was founded and Deaf culture was at its peak here –

86
Q

After the downfall of the Braidwood academy, sign-language based education reigned until what?

A

The infamous Congress of Milan in 1880 where oralism became the rule and deaf teachers became an extinct species

87
Q

Manchester University is known for what?

A

The chief training center for oralist teachers. Carry a rigid “Machester Method” oral approach to schools for the deaf throughout Africa and Asia

88
Q

Who was Patron of the BDA for several years and contributed a foreword to the monumental dictionary?

A

The late Princess Diana

89
Q

Several ancestors of the present British royal family were deaf, including Prince Phillip’s mother,

A

Princess Alice of Battenberg

90
Q

Who is said to have learned sign language to communicate with her deaf relatives

A

Queen Victoria

91
Q

Although Princess Diana was not the first or only royal patron of the BDA, she was probably the first of the modern royals to bother to

A

learn BSL

92
Q

The French influence on ASL is mostly found where?

A

In the vocabulary

93
Q

Unlike English, the word order of ASL varies according to what?

A

Emphasis – and the nuances of expression

94
Q

ASL and ___ use classifiers in the exact same way; their morphology (word formation) is similar.

A

Navajo

95
Q

ASL is structurally closer to Navajo than English

A

woahhhh

96
Q

There have been numerous attempts to teach English to deaf students through this – invented sign systems that depict English vocabulary and grammatical structure

A

Manually Coded English (MCE)

97
Q

What are the best known MCE systems and who invented them?

A
  • SEE-1 (Seeing Essential English)
  • SEE-2 (Signing Exact English)
    Both created by deaf teachers
98
Q

Hearing people taking beginning sign language classes usually learn what?

A

Signed English (ASL signs used in English word order)

99
Q

Deaf people tend to use this when communicating with hearing people. A signed form of English.

A

Pidgin Sign English (PSE)

100
Q

PSE and signed English are considered part of ASL, with PSE being considered a variant form of ASL

A

Ya

101
Q

With ASL you have to abandon English thinking and think ____

A

Visually

102
Q

Is ASL a written language?

A

No. Since it is a purely visual/gestural language, it has no written form.

103
Q

Who was the pioneering researcher or ASL who did much to gain linguistic respect for ASL as a distinct and living language.

A

Dr. William C. Stoke

104
Q

Dr. William C stoke published what in 1965?

A

The first ASL dictionary

105
Q

Using English words to give an approximate translation of ASL signs is called

A

Glosses

106
Q

Valerie Sutton published a bilingual newspaper called what?

A

The Sign Writer

107
Q

Sam Supalla, a deaf professor and linguist in Arizona, has created a modified what?

A

ASL-writing system and uses it successfully to help young deaf children learn English

108
Q

ASL is not a written language. It is never written in everyday use. However, it can be glossed, coded, or translated into English. But it will only be what?

A

Approximation of ASL

109
Q

How do deaf people learn sign

A

From each other

110
Q

From the beginning, Deaf children who have Deaf parents always done what?

A

Taught the other deaf kids ASL at residential schools.

111
Q

It’s estimated that __% of deaf adults who were deaf as children use ASL, and most of them learned it at schools for the deaf from each other. They simply sign behind the teachers back.

A

90%

112
Q

ASL is said to be the only language in the world that is transmitted how?

A

From child to child

113
Q

Most deaf parents have what percent of hearing children?

A

90%

114
Q

Of the 10% of deaf parents that have deaf children, they do what?

A

Send them to residential schools where they teach other kids ASL

115
Q

What is the best way to learn ASL?

A

Total immersion by living with deaf people

116
Q

Can people who are deaf from birth appreciate jokes and puns that involve homonyms (sound alike words)?

A

No. They’re pretty much incomprehensible to many born deaf people

117
Q

What is real deaf humor based on?

A

Visually based. Encompasses gesture, mime, cinematic affects, and a lot of spontaneous sign play

118
Q

Are there such things as a cents among signers from different areas of the country or world?

A

Yes. Every signer signs different, developing their own unique style.

119
Q

Instead of vocal accents, signers have what?

A

Gestural/kinetic accents–differences in visual intonation

120
Q

Until recently, ASL was considered what and Signed English was considered what?

A 
ASL was low class
Signed English was considered correct and educated
121
Q

What are the 3 new no racist signs?

A

Korean (their hats) Japanese (their island created by gods), Chinese (the buttons on their jackets)

122
Q

Where is the normal signing space?

A

Extends from the top of the head to the waist, and from shoulder to shoulder.

123
Q

What is a comfortable distance when talking to someone in sign?

A

At least an extended arms length

ASL 101 (18 decks)

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