Fetal and Neonatal Immunity - TOKA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gestation period of a dog?

A

60 days

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2
Q

When does the thymus differentiate?

A

between 23-33 days

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3
Q

What is the outcome of a pregnant cow infected with non-cytopathic BVDV early in conception?

A

Birth calves that are TOLERANT to BVDV

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4
Q

What is the outcome of a pregnant cow infected with cytopathic BVDV within the first 100 days of gestation?

A

Abortion, resorption, or mummification of the fetus

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5
Q

What is the outcome of a pregnant cow infected with cytopathic BVDV late in gestation?

A

Malformations or may be normal

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6
Q

What immune responses are critical in newborn animals?

A

Innate IR

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7
Q

Lectins, defensins, lactoferrin, and lysozymes are ___________ molecules that newborns produce to prevent infections

A

Antimicrobial molecules

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8
Q

Serum in newborns are deficient in ________ resulting in poor opsonic activity

A

Complement components

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9
Q

______ in newborn piglets reaches adult levels by 14 days of age

A

C3

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10
Q

Which CD4+ Th cell is slow to develop in neonatals?

A

Th1 is sloooow to develop

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11
Q

Why is Th1 slow to develop in neonatals?

A

Because of delayed development of IL-12 producing DC1 cells

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12
Q

When does the thymus undergo involution in dogs and cats?

A

6 months of age

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13
Q

Why do young puppies have a higher lymphocyte count than adult dogs?

A

Bc they have more CD21 B cells than CD8+ T cells

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14
Q

True or false: DC2 cells produce IL-4 and IL-13, mounting a Th2 response before DC1 cells produce IL-12 in newborn puppies

A

TRUEEEEE

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15
Q

Which placenta type can transfer IgG to the fetus?

A

Hemochorial

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16
Q

If not through the placenta, how do animals get Ab from their mom?

A

Passive immunity through colostrum

17
Q

What is colostrum?

A

Accumulation in the mammary gland in the last few weeks of gestation

18
Q

Which Ig in bovine are derived from the bloodstream?

A

All IgG, most of IgM, half of IgA

19
Q

Which Ig are produced locally within the udder?

A

30% IgG + 10% IgA

20
Q

Which cytokines are rich in bovine colostrum?

A

IL-1B

IL-6

TNF-a

IFN-y

21
Q

True or False: Newborn mammals ingest colostrum but do not digest it

22
Q

_________ activity in the digestive tract is low in newborn mammals

23
Q

________ inhibitors in colostrum reduce protease activity

24
Q

What are the 3 reasons for failure of passive transfer?

A
  1. production failure
  2. Ingestion failure
  3. Absorption failure
25
_____________ is when a mom makes insufficient or poor quality colostrum
Production failure (no passive transfer to baby)
26
_____________ is when a mom producing sufficient colostrum but the newborn has issues with intake
Ingestion failure (no passive immunity to baby)
27
__________ is failure to absorb colostrum in the intestines despite adequate intake
Absorption failure (no passive immunity to baby)
28
What is the S.G (specific gravity) of good quality colostrum?
1.06-1.085
29
How can ingestion failure occur?
1. Damaged teats 2. Poor mothering 3. Multiple births - less colostrum for all litter mates 4. Poor suckling, jaw defects, weakness
30
How do maternal Ab play a role in vaccination of neonates?
1. Maternal Ab bind to vaccine antigens, preventing an immune response 2. When maternal Ab-Ag complex forms its phagocytosed by macrophages with Fc receptors 3. Maternal Ab mask antigenic epitopes, preventing B cell response
31
When should you vaccinate a neonate?
After levels of maternal Ab decline!!!