Fetal and Neonatal Immunity - TOKA

Question 1

What is the gestation period of a dog?

Answer 1

60 days

Question 2

When does the thymus differentiate?

Answer 2

between 23-33 days

Question 3

What is the outcome of a pregnant cow infected with non-cytopathic BVDV early in conception?

Answer 3

Birth calves that are TOLERANT to BVDV

Question 4

What is the outcome of a pregnant cow infected with cytopathic BVDV within the first 100 days of gestation?

Answer 4

Abortion, resorption, or mummification of the fetus

Question 5

What is the outcome of a pregnant cow infected with cytopathic BVDV late in gestation?

Answer 5

Malformations or may be normal

Question 6

What immune responses are critical in newborn animals?

Answer 6

Innate IR

Question 7

Lectins, defensins, lactoferrin, and lysozymes are ___________ molecules that newborns produce to prevent infections

Answer 7

Antimicrobial molecules

Question 8

Serum in newborns are deficient in ________ resulting in poor opsonic activity

Answer 8

Complement components

Question 9

______ in newborn piglets reaches adult levels by 14 days of age

Answer 9

C3

Question 10

Which CD4+ Th cell is slow to develop in neonatals?

Answer 10

Th1 is sloooow to develop

Question 11

Why is Th1 slow to develop in neonatals?

Answer 11

Because of delayed development of IL-12 producing DC1 cells

Question 12

When does the thymus undergo involution in dogs and cats?

Answer 12

6 months of age

Question 13

Why do young puppies have a higher lymphocyte count than adult dogs?

Answer 13

Bc they have more CD21 B cells than CD8+ T cells

Question 14

True or false: DC2 cells produce IL-4 and IL-13, mounting a Th2 response before DC1 cells produce IL-12 in newborn puppies

Answer 14

TRUEEEEE

Question 15

Which placenta type can transfer IgG to the fetus?

Answer 15

Hemochorial

Question 16

If not through the placenta, how do animals get Ab from their mom?

Answer 16

Passive immunity through colostrum

Question 17

What is colostrum?

Answer 17

Accumulation in the mammary gland in the last few weeks of gestation

Question 18

Which Ig in bovine are derived from the bloodstream?

Answer 18

All IgG, most of IgM, half of IgA

Question 19

Which Ig are produced locally within the udder?

Answer 19

30% IgG + 10% IgA

Question 20

Which cytokines are rich in bovine colostrum?

Answer 20

IL-1B

IL-6

TNF-a

IFN-y

Question 21

True or False: Newborn mammals ingest colostrum but do not digest it

Answer 21

TRUEEEEE

Question 22

_________ activity in the digestive tract is low in newborn mammals

Answer 22

Protease

Question 23

________ inhibitors in colostrum reduce protease activity

Answer 23

Trypsin

Question 24

What are the 3 reasons for failure of passive transfer?

Answer 24

1. production failure
2. Ingestion failure
3. Absorption failure

Question 25

_____________ is when a mom makes insufficient or poor quality colostrum

Answer 25

Production failure

(no passive transfer to baby)

Question 26

_____________ is when a mom producing sufficient colostrum but the newborn has issues with intake

Answer 26

Ingestion failure

(no passive immunity to baby)

Question 27

__________ is failure to absorb colostrum in the intestines despite adequate intake

Answer 27

Absorption failure

(no passive immunity to baby)

Question 28

What is the S.G (specific gravity) of good quality colostrum?

Answer 28

1.06-1.085

Question 29

How can ingestion failure occur?

Answer 29

1. Damaged teats
2. Poor mothering
3. Multiple births - less colostrum for all litter mates
4. Poor suckling, jaw defects, weakness

Question 30

How do maternal Ab play a role in vaccination of neonates?

Answer 30

1. Maternal Ab bind to vaccine antigens, preventing an immune response
2. When maternal Ab-Ag complex forms its phagocytosed by macrophages with Fc receptors
3. Maternal Ab mask antigenic epitopes, preventing B cell response

Question 31

When should you vaccinate a neonate?

Answer 31

After levels of maternal Ab decline!!!