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Sem 2: Immuno > Cells and Organs of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells and Organs of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 1st line of innate immunity?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, chemicals

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2
Q

What is the 2nd line of innate immunity?

A

Phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever

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3
Q

What is the 3rd line of immunity?

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Lymphocytes, antibodies

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4
Q

Which of the following has a delayed immune response? Innate or Adaptive

A

Adaptive

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5
Q

Which leukocytes are polymorphonuclear?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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6
Q

Where are granulocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow (Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils)

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7
Q

Characteristics of basophils

A
  • toxic granules stain dark blue
  • involved in allergic and inflamm. responses
  • defense against parasites
  • PHAGOCYTOSIS
  • expresses adhesion molecules
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8
Q

Characteristics of Eosinophils

A
  • granules stain red
  • defense against PARASITES and ALLERGIES

-Responds to chemokines secreted by neutrophils or lymphocytes

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9
Q

What is the function of recruited eosinophils?

A

Releases toxic granules to destroy pathogens and fight infection

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10
Q

Characteristics of neutrophils

A
  • granules stain pale pink
  • most numerous, first to respond

-circulates bloodstream looking for foreign objects to PHAGOCYTOSE and DEGRADE (Ex: bacteria)

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11
Q

How is the number of circulating neutrophils estimated?

A

Using Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)

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12
Q

When would ANC be high? (Neutrophilia)

A
  1. Kidney failure
  2. Bacterial infection
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13
Q

When would ANC be low? (Neutropenia)

A
  1. Leukemia
  2. Bone Marrow damage
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14
Q

What can granulocytes be identified by?

A

Expression of…

  1. CD16
  2. CD34 (immature state)
  3. CD11b/CD18 (activated state)
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15
Q

How can ACTIVATED BASOPHILS be identified?

A
  1. CD13/ Aminopeptidase N
  2. CD107a/ LAMP1 or CD164
    3.
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16
Q

How can ACTIVATED EOSINOPHILS be identified?

A
  1. CD44
  2. CD69
  3. IL-5
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17
Q

How can ACTIVATED NEUTROPHILS be identified?

A
  1. CD16
  2. L-selectin (CD62L)
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18
Q

Where are mast cells generated?

A

Bone marrow

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19
Q

Mast cell characteristics

A
  • Defense against PARASITES
  • Found in tissues that mediate allergic rxns by releasing HISTAMINE
  • Similar to basophilic leukocytes
  • Common progenitor: CD34+ precursor cells
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20
Q

What are the 2 types of mast cells?

A
  1. CT mast cells - local allergic rxn
  2. Mucosal mast cells - found in areas exposed to external enviro
    (Ex: Mouth, Nose, Lung mucosa, Digestive tract)
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21
Q

Monocyte/Macrophage characteristics

A
  • Circulates peripheral blood, enters tissues
  • replenishes tissue-specific macrophage populations (Ex: Osteoclasts, microglial, kupffer cells)
  • INGESTS and DEGRADES bacteria
22
Q

What is a “housekeeping” function of macrophages?

A

Recycles dead cells (like RBCs)

23
Q

Characteristics of natural killer cells

A
  • Innate immune cells, some can be part of adaptive (NKT cells)
  • Kills viruses and tumor cells
  • Granules filled with proteins that make holes in the target cell

-Apoptosis

-cytotoxic effector, regulates immune response

24
Q

Characteristics of dendritic cells

A
  • SENTINEL cells
  • captures, processes, and presents antigens to T cells

Promotes self tolerance

  • T cell activators in secondary organs
25
Q

Where do dendritic cells undergo maturation?

A

Bone marrow, Lymphoid, and non lymphoid tissues

26
Q

How are dendritic cells classified?

A
  1. Classical/Conventional (cDCs)
  2. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs)
27
Q

What is the function of pDCs?

A

plasmacytoid dendritic cells

secretes large amounts of type I interferons upon activation through TLR7 nad TLR9

28
Q

Which cell is an essential component of the humoral immune response?

A

B CELLS

29
Q

When are B cells activated?

A

When they bind antigens through their receptors (BCR)

30
Q

What are the functions of B cells?

A

Generates antibodies to specific antigens

31
Q

Antibodies coat the surface of a pathogen and serve 3 major roles:

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Opsonization
  3. Complement activation
32
Q

What is neutralization?

A

When the pathogen is covered in antibodies and cannot further infect host

33
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Antibodies surround the pathogen and alert neutrophils and macrophages to engulf and digest the pathogen

34
Q

What is complement activation?

A

A process for directly destroying or lysing pathogens

some components can act as opsonins (marking pathogen for other cells to come destroy)

35
Q

What is the precursor to T cells?

A

THYMOCYTES

36
Q

Thymocytes

A

T cell precursor

Develops from hematopoietic stem cells in BONE MARROW, moves to mature in THYMUS

Undergoes stages of selection and quality control

37
Q

Which of the following is a process by which harmful substances, such as viruses or toxins, are made harmless and unable to cause harm to the body?
a) Opsonization
b) Neutralization
c) Complement activation
d) All of the above

A

b) Neutralization

38
Q

Which of the following is a process by which particles, such as bacteria or other pathogens, are marked for destruction by the immune system?
a) Opsonization
b) Neutralization
c) Complement activation
d) All of the above

A

a) Opsonization

39
Q

What are the 4 major CD4+ helper cells?

A
  1. Th1
  2. Th2
  3. Th17
  4. T regulatory cells
40
Q

What are Th1 cells?

A

CD4 T helper cell

coordinates response against intracellular pathogens

secretes cytokines that alert and activate other immune cells (Ex: bacteria ingesting macrophages)

41
Q

What are Th2 cells?

A

CD4 T helper cells

coordinates immune response to extracellular pathogens

like helminths!! (worms)

alerts B CELLS, GRANULOCYTES + MAST CELLS

42
Q

What interleukins are secreted by Th2 cells?

A

IL-10

1L-4 and IL5

43
Q

What are Th17 cells?

A

CD4 T helper cells

makes IL-17 that activates immune and non-immune cells

protects surfaces (skin + gut) against extracellular bacteria

recruits neutrophils

44
Q

What are regulatory T cells? (TREGS)

A

CD4 T helper cell

Monitors + inhibits activity of other T cells

45
Q

How do immune cells communicate?

A

Cell to cell contact or through secreted signaling molecules

receptors + ligands

46
Q

What are toll-like receptors?

A

expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells

activates innate immune cells

essential for inflammatory responses

47
Q

What do T and B cells do?

A

Recognize foreign material

48
Q

What is the functions of MHCs?

A

antigen presentation

signals if a cell is a host cell or foreign

49
Q

What do complement cells do?

A

C3a + C5a

punches holes into the pathogen, creating leaks that lead to death

also signals and alerts immune cells to site of inflammation

50
Q

Where are lymphoid cells first produced?

A

Yolk sac, fetal omentum, and liver

later produced in bone marrow

51
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Lymphnode
  3. Peyers patches
  4. Encapsulated lymphoid tissue
52
Q

What species develops B lymphocytes in the intestinal lymphoid tissue?

A

Rabbits, dogs, ruminants, pigs

Sem 2: Immuno (17 decks)

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