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Sem 2: Immuno > Cytokines and Chemokines > Flashcards

Cytokines and Chemokines Flashcards

1
Q

How are cytokines produced?

A

By lymphocytes

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2
Q

What makes an immune response possible?

A

Interaction between hematopoetic, lymphoid, and inflammatory cells

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3
Q

What were cytokines originally called?

A

Monokines or lymphokines

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4
Q

What activates and recruits leukocytes?

A

chemokines

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5
Q

True or False: Cytokines act in a non-specific manner

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Cytokines have _______ affinity for their receptors and ______ concentrations are needed to initiate cytokine signaling

A

HIGH affinity

low conc. enough to initiate cytokines

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7
Q

What actions do cytokines have to activate a cell?

A
  1. Autocrine action
  2. Paracrine action
  3. Endocrine action
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8
Q

What properties of cytokines allow them to regulate activity of immunocompetent cells in a coordinated manner?

A
  1. Pleiotropic action
  2. Redundant action
  3. Synergistic action
  4. Antagonistic action
  5. Cascade action
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9
Q

What is the pleiotropic action of cytokines?

A

When 1 cytokine exerts different effects on different target cells

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10
Q

IL-4 causes proliferation in Mast cells and Thymocytes, and causes activation, proliferation, and differentiation in B cells. This is an example of _____________

A

Pleiotropic action of cytokines

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11
Q

What is the redundant action of cytokines?

Give an example

A

When 2 or more cytokines exert the same effect on the same cell

Ex: IL-2 , IL-4 , and IL-5 all cause proliferation of B cells

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12
Q

What is the synergistic action of cytokines?

Give an example

A

When 2 cytokines team up to exert a greater effect on the target cell than if acting alone

Ex: IL-4 + IL-5 team up to induce class switching in B cells from IgM to IgE

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13
Q

What is the antagonistic action of cytokines?

Give an example

A

When the 1 cytokines inhibits another cytokine

Ex: IFN-y inhibits IL-4 , shuts down the response

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14
Q

How are growth factors expressed?

A

Constitutively

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15
Q

Is cytokine secretion short lived or long lived?

A

Short lived

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16
Q

What do cytokines help regulate?

A

Regulates..

  1. Hematopoesis
  2. Proliferation and differentiation of cells
  3. Would healing
  4. Induces inflamm. responses
17
Q

What are the different groups of proteins that cytokines belong to?

A
  1. Hematopoeitins (Class 1 cytokine receptors)
  2. Interferons (Class 2 cytokine receptors)
  3. Chemokines
  4. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
18
Q

How many subunits are required for cytokine binding?

How many subunits are required for signal transduction?

A

atleast 1 subunit for cytokine binding

2 subunits to signal transduction

19
Q

What do Class I receptors possess?

A
  1. An identical signalling subunit (common Beta subunit)
  2. Different cytokine binding subunits
20
Q

What happens if there is a defect in the common y chain on IL-2 receptors?

A

Associated with immunodeficiency

21
Q

How many chains are found on the IL-2 receptor?

A

a, b, y chains

22
Q

What are the different forms of the IL-2 receptor?

A
  1. Monomeric IL-2Ra - low affinity to IL-2
  2. Dimeric IL-2Rby - intermediate affinity for IL-2
  3. Trimeric IL-2Raby - high affinity for IL-2
23
Q

Which receptor has the highest affinity for IL-2

A

Trimeric IL-2Raby receptor

(IL-2R alpha, beta, gamma receptor)

24
Q

Cytokines with a second signaling subunit have a _______ affinity for the binding subunit

A

low

25
Q

What explains how redundancy or antagonism is possible?

A

Common signaling subunit allows multiple cytokines to induce an identical signal

26
Q

Which cytokines act in a redundant manner?

A

IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF

27
Q

How can a common signaling subunit lead to antagonism?

A

Because cytokines are competing for the common subunit

28
Q

What are chemokines?

A

small polypeptides that regulate adhesion, chemotaxis, and activation of leukocytes

29
Q

Where are chemokines produced?

A

Lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, and other tissues like skin

30
Q

What are the physiological functions of chemokines?

A

Wound healing

Angiogenesis

Develops brain + heart tissue

31
Q

What cytokine induces secretion of chemokines?

A

IFN-a

32
Q

C chemokines

A

1st 2 cysteins bound by disulphate bond

33
Q

CC chemokines

A

1st 2 cysteins positioned 1 after the other

34
Q

How many transmembrane domains do chemokines have?

A

7

35
Q

What is the structure of a chemokine receptor?

A
  1. Extracellular domain for chemokine binding
  2. 7 transmembrane domains
  3. alpha, beta, gamma, intracellular domains ass. with G PROTEINS
36
Q

Are there more chemokine receptors present on a T lymphocyte during resting or when activated?

A

Activated T lymphocyte has more chemokine receptors

37
Q

What cells express CCR3 chemokine receptors?

A

Basophils and Eosinophils

38
Q

What cells express CXR4 chemokine receptors?

A

resting and activated T cells, monocytes, and neutrophils

39
Q

What are the most important oro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

TNF-a

IL-2

IL-6

IL-8

Sem 2: Immuno (17 decks)

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