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fertilization & early development Flashcards

1
Q

hCg

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotripin.

Hormone produced by the trophoblasts
Forms the basis of most pregnancy tests

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2
Q

serum vs urine

A

serum is the most accurate method of measuring hCG
Used when ruling out ectopic pregnancy or other pathology

urine gives false negatives & false positives and is used to determine if there is enough hCG to confirm or deny pregnancy

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3
Q

What happens to the hormones hCG, estrogen, progeterone and HPL (human placental lactogen) throughout pregnancy?

A
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4
Q

quantitative hCG

A

measures the amount of hCG actually present in the blood
Rising pattern
Can be correlated w/ sonographic findings.

levels give clues.

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5
Q

Measuring systems for B-hCG

A

–
IRP (International Research Preparation)
–
SIS (Second International Standard)
–
3IS (3rd International Standard)

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6
Q

embryonic age

A

Date from when conception occurred

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7
Q

fertilization

A

Union of an ovum with the spermatozoon
–
Now termed a zygote

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8
Q

Where does fertilzation occur?

A

ampulla of fallopian tube

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9
Q

Menstrual/Gestational Age

A

Calculated from the 1st day of LMP to the current date of pregnancy

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10
Q

Embryonic Period

A

Varies by source

Begins with fertilization and ends the 8th week
Hagen-Ansert uses gestational age = 4-10 weeks of gestation

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11
Q

fetal period

A

Begins with 9th or 10th week & is until birth (not using LMP method)

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12
Q

Describe the 1st week of human development

A

fertilize @ oocyte (in ampulla)

enter cell stages

1 = zygote, followed by 2, 4, 8 and finally morula and early/late blastocytes before turning into an embryo by the time it reaches the uterus

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13
Q

What do the sperm need to do to fertilize the egg?

A

make their way through the corona radiata and zona pellucida

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14
Q

What must occur for the zygote turn into the morula?

A

duplication of cells in zona pellucida

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15
Q

What and where do blastocysts and trophoblasts form?

A

early blastocyts get together to begin forming the embryo while trophoblasts move to the edges to replace the “degenerating” zona pellucida

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16
Q

synctiotrophoblast

A

OUTER LAYER of trophoblast

Results in a primitive utero-placental circulation
–
Produce human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
–
Syncytiotrophoblasts are erosive and invasive*

later look like they become chorionic villi in basalis

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17
Q

cytotrophoblasts

A

INNER LAYER of trophoblast

Thin layer that forms new cells
–
Cytotrophoblast proliferate and will eventually form the chorion and chorionic cavity

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18
Q

blastocyst implantation

A

day 6 and 7 in the endometrial lining

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19
Q

Ebryonic Development

A
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20
Q

cavity growth in uterus pt 1

A
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21
Q

cavity growth in uterus pt 2

A
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22
Q

decidua & 3 layers

A

term applied to gravid endometrium – the functional reaction of the endometrial lining ot pregnancy.

layers: decidua basalis, capsularis, parietalis

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23
Q

decidua basalis

capsularis

parietalis

A

The villi on the myometrial side of the placenta or embryo; unites with the chorion to form the placenta.

Thin, surrounds the gestational sac

The endometrium during pregnancy except at the site of the implantation.

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24
Q

double decidual sac sign

A

Interface between the decidua capsularis and the echogenic, highly vascular endometrium (decidua parietalis)

25
yolk sac (aka coelom) & functions (4)
Primary & Secondary Functions: Hemopoiesis (production of RBC in bone marrow), Development of sex glands, Formation of digestive tract, Transfer of nutrients
26
when is it seen on TA/'TV? what is its max diatmeter? secondary yolk sac
Earliest structure seen inside gestational sac TV at 5 weeks gestation TA at 6-7 weeks gestation Max. diameter of yolk sac is 5.0 mm – 6.0 mm
27
embryo 26-27 days
28
neuralation
Week 5 (Days 31-42) Formation of the neural plate, neural tube & somites Fusion begins in the middle of the embryo and proceeds in both cephalic & caudal directions
29
The embryonic disk become trilaminar at beginning of 5th week forms these 3 germ layers
Ectoderm Central & peripheral nervous systems Endoderm (epithelial lining) GI & respiratory tracts Liver, pancreas, urinary bladder etc. Mesoderm Connective tissue, cartilage, bone, smooth muscle, heart, kidneys, ovaries & testes, blood & lymphatics etc.
30
When is embryonic heart motion detected and ~ what will the CRL measure at this time?
TV at ~ 5.5 weeks (menstrual age) CRL ~ 2mm
31
When does the neural tube begin to develop? What are its parts?
~6 weeks Prosencephalon (#3) Forebrain Mesencephalon (#6) Midbrain Rhombencephalon (#4) Hindbrain (cystic)
32
brain development 25-100 days
33
embryonic cavities
34
Membranes at 4 weeks gestation
35
Cavity growth w/ gestational age
Notice yolk sac and decidua capularis are degenerating
36
chorionic and amnioti cavities
37
1. Morula 2. 8 cell 3. 4 cell 4. 2 cell 5. oocyte 6. early blastocyst 7. zygote 8. late blastocyst
38
a. decidua pareitalis b. decidua capsularis c. gestational sac d. myometrium e. uterine cavity f. decidua basalis
39
a. umbilical cord b. amniochoronic membrane c. amnion d. smooth chorion e. decidua parietalis f. yolk sac g. fetal pole
40
Anatomy of Embryo days 28-30
1. Amnion 2. Arm bud 3. Branchial arches 4. Chorion 5. Head 6. Heart bulge 7. Leg bud 8. Lens formation 9. Somites- Gives rise to muscle mass supplied by a spinal nerve and vertebra 10. Tail 11. Umbilical cord
41
Cardiovascular System Development 6, 8, 10 weeks.
6 Weeks Unidirectional blood flow 8 Weeks Formation of the heart is complete 10 Weeks Formation of the peripheral vascular system is complete.
42
Urogenital System 8, 11, 14 weeks
8 Weeks Formation of metanephros (primitive kidney) in the pelvis and ascension into the abdomen 11 Weeks Kidneys in adult position, external genitalia similar in males and females 14 Weeks Genitalia differentiate
43
embryo in uterus diagram
44
embryo day 40-42
1. Arm 2. Ear 3. Elbow 4. Eye 5. Forebrain 6. Heart bulge 7. Hindbrain 8. Liver bulge 9. Midbrain bulge 10. Midgut herniation 11. Mouth 12. Notched hand plate 13. Umbilical cord
45
embryo in uterus diagram
46
Muskuloskeletal Development 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 weeks
5.5 -6 Weeks Formation of limb buds 7.5-8 Weeks Digital rays develop: arms bent at elbow 8 Weeks Clavicle begins to ossify 9 Weeks Mandible, palate, vertebral bodies and neural arches begin to ossify 11 Weeks Long bones begin to ossify
47
gastrointestinal devleopment 6, 8 weeks
6 Weeks Formation of the primitive gut 8-12 Weeks Herniation of the midgut into the umbilical cord
48
midgut herniation
The bowel normally migrates into the base of the umbilical cord between 8-12 gestational weeks or menstrual ( 6-10 embryonic weeks) The bowel returns to the abdominal cavity by 12 weeks gestation undergoing an additional 180- degree rotation along the axis of the SMA \*Note the tail is gone because the bladder & rectum formation is now complete
49
head anatomy
At 9 weeks the head is almost half of the fetus. With the rapid growth of the body length the CRL doubles by week 12) CRL is 20 mm –Approx. 8.5 weeks gest. age Day 40- 42
50
trans of lateral ventricles @ 12 weeks
51
Para
Parity describes the outcome of each gravid experience P0000 1st 0 Place = Number of full term pregnancies 2nd 0 Place = Number of premature births 3rd 0 Place = Number of abortions 4th 0 Place = Number of living children
52
Nagele's Rule
Predicts the estimated day of confinement (EDC) or date of delivery Count back or subtract 3 months from 1st day of LMP & add 7 days Examples Numerical LMP Oct 13 10/13 - 3 months July 13 - 3 months + 7 days July 20 is EDC 7/13 + 7days 7/ 20 = EDC
53
types of monozygotic twins (3)
3 Types based on day of division 25% --\> Type 1 Prior to day 4: Dichorionic-diamniotic (When the zygote divides between the 2-cell stage and the morula state) 75% --\> Type 2 Between 4-8 days Monochorionic-diamniotic ~1% --\> Type 3 After 8 days Monochorionic-monoamniotic Rare division after more than 13 days Conjoined or Siamese twins
54
what does the "twin peak" sign of a membrane represent with regards to twins?
dichorionic membrane is thicker than monochorionic. you will see a twin peak in the dichorionic
55
what do u see?
56
what happens to the decidua capularis w/ increased gestational age?
it degenerates
57
is the decidua pareitalis more deep or superficial to the uterine cavity?
superficial. it surrounds the uterine cavity.
58
What is another name that means "to fertilize"?
fectundate

ObGyn (14 decks)

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