female reproductive physiology

Question 1

premenarche

Answer 1

The physiologic state of a female before the onset of menses or menstruation

Question 2

menarche

Answer 2

The onset of menstruation or the first menses

Question 3

menstruation

Answer 3

Periodic discharge of bloody fluid from superficial layer of endometrium during ages of puberty through menopause

Average length of flow is 3-7 days

Occurs on average every 28 days

Ceases during pregnancy

Question 4

mennorhea

Answer 4

Normal menstruation AKA menses

Question 5

ovulation

Answer 5

Release of an ovum from the ovaries

Question 6

menopause

Answer 6

Permanent cessation of menstrual activity

Usually between 35-58 years of age

Has associated symptoms which vary

Question 7

hypothalamus

Answer 7

Stimulates the release of: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones, Follicle Stimulating Hormone Releasing Factor (FSHRF) and Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Factor (LHRF)

Releasing factors can also be called releasing hormones & they are interchangeable

So, the FSHRF could be FSHRH etc.

Question 8

what are the 2 pituitary (gonadotropic) hormones?

Answer 8

Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Question 9

What are the 2 ovarian hormones? What are the secreted by?

What phases do they control?

Answer 9

estrogen (secreted by the follicles) and progesterone (secreted by the corpus luteum)

uterine phases

Question 10

Stimulates Endometrial growth, Cervical and vaginal secretions, Breast development. It is Responsible for female body contours

Answer 10

estrogen

types: Estradiol –> Estriol & estrone

Question 11

what stimulates Endometrial gland, Prepares the endometrium for the fertilized ovum, Breast development, Inhibits secretions of cervical glands and Increases basal body temperature

Answer 11

progesterone

Question 12

Explain the different hormonal levels throughout the menstrual phase.

Answer 12

Question 13

What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle. Identfy if they are follicular or luteal phases.

Answer 13

Menstruation

Proliferative (Ovarian Cycle = Follicular phase)

Secretory (Ovarian Cycle = Luteal phase)

Premenstrual or Ischemic phase*

Question 14

What happens to the endometrial layers during menstruation?

Answer 14

Straum / zona functionalis – Thickness varies. It is Shed during menstruation

Straum /zona basalis – Permanent and produces a new functionalis following menstruation

Question 15

Explain the endometrial development in the different phases of the cycle.

Answer 15

Question 16

menstruation

Answer 16

phase 1 (pre-follicular)

Days 1-5

Thickened superficial layer of endometrium is shed (menses)

Question 17

Proliferative Phase

Answer 17

Phase 2 (follicular) days 6-14

follicles devleop
Epithelium is restored
Endometrium thickness (0.5-4 mm, 4-8 mm together) and more vascular

Triple Echo Pattern AKA 3 line pattern
Single thin stripe (endometrial cavity)
Hypoechoic functionalis halo around stripe
Thin echogenic basalis layer

This phase is terminated by the rupture of follicle

Question 18

Secretory Phase

Answer 18

Phase 3 days 15-28 (leuteal phase)

corpus luteum develops

Endometrium increases, becomes thickened (5-7 mm, 10-14 mm together) and edematous
Glands produce an abundance of secretions
Endometrium

Question 19

Premenstrual/Ischemic Phase

Answer 19

Phase 4 ~ 1-2 days before menses (Leuteal Phase)

corpus luteum involution

spiral arteries constrict and endometrium becomes anemic and shrinks

Patches of necrotic endometrium break off and menses begins

Question 20

Endometrium

Answer 20

Contains 2 layers, anterior and posterior portion

Measurement of both layers on sagittal plane determines the thickness

This ‘double layer’ measurement does not include the echogenic halo that is the zona basalis

Question 21

Endometrial thickness post-menopausal (not on HRT)

Answer 21

greater than > 5mm is abnormal

Question 22

What phase is this? How do you know?

Answer 22

proliferative

Triple Echo Pattern

1. Single thin stripe (endometrial cavity)
2. Hypoechoic functionalis halo around stripe
3. Thin echogenic basalis layer

Question 23

What phase is this? How can you tell?

Answer 23

posterior acoustic enhancement

Question 24

What phases are each of these picture in and what plane were the images taken from?

Answer 24

Question 25

what does this represent?

Answer 25

hormonal balance b/t brain and ovaries

Question 26

What are the stages of follicular development?

Answer 26

Question 27

What type of feedback mechanism is needed for ovulation?

Answer 27

positve/negative feedback system

Question 28

What is the difference b/t regular follicles and the corpus luteum?

Answer 28

follicles are anechoic up to ~5cm and the corpus luteum is comlex and >5cm

Question 29

mittelschmerz

Answer 29

pain associated w/ ovulation

Question 30

what’s happening here?

Answer 30

fallopian tube sweep whic occurs when the corpus luteum releases an egg.

Question 31

what is this process known as?

Answer 31

ovulation

Question 32

what is this? how can you tell?

Answer 32

corpus luteum. the blood vessels surrounding it and it is anechoic w/ regular borders

Question 33

What are copus albicans? When do they form?

Answer 33

Question 34

What happens to the fluid in the follicle after it ruptures at ovulation?

Question 35

what are the oavarian layers?

Answer 35

germinal epithelium (peritoneum on top) or thin outer covering

tunica albuginea (white covering) this white capsule around ovary

cortex (all fo the eggs in the cortical) the thickest part containing primitive follicles in various stages of development

medulla - middle inner part that has vlood vessels, nerves etc (the stuff needed to keep the ovaries alive)

Question 36

If she doesn’t get pregnant, what does the corpus lutem turn into?

Answer 36

corpus albican

Question 37

what is the hydatid of morgani

Answer 37

hangs off th efallopian tube. gestational left over