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Virology > Ferret/Mink/Canine Coronavirus > Flashcards

Ferret/Mink/Canine Coronavirus Flashcards

1
Q

What is Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis (ECE)

A
  • Caused by Ferret enteric coronavirus (FRECV)
  • First described in 1993 in US
  • Asymptomatic of self-limiting enteritis
    • Foul-smelling green diarrhea with high mucus content, lethargy, anorexia and vomiting
  • Transmitted by the fecal-oral route
  • High morbidity, low mortality (<5%)
  • Affects all age groups but disease is most severe in older ferrets
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2
Q

How is ECE diagnosed?

A
  • History, clinical signs and microscopic findings
  • Clinical hx of a number of ferrets with varying stages of diarrhea following the introduction of new ferrets is classic for ECE
  • Typical intestinal coronavirus infection:
    • vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of villous enterocytes, villous atrophy, blunting and fusion
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3
Q

How is ECE treated?

A

Supportive therapy - fluids, bland diet

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4
Q

How can ECE be prevented?

A
  • No vaccine
  • Quarantine and cleaning of environments
    • Affected ferrets can shed virus for months
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5
Q

What is Ferret Systemic Coronavirus Infection?

A
  • First described in 2004 in Spain
  • Sporadic occurrence
  • Young ferrets <2yr most affected
  • Clinical findings are similar to FIP - dry form is more common
  • Highly fatal
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6
Q

What are the clinical findings associated with Ferret systemic Coronavirus infection

A
  • Anorexia
  • lethargy
  • weight loss
  • diarrhea
  • intra-abdominal masses
  • paralysis
  • CNS signs
  • Ocular diseases
  • (pyo)granulomatous lesions in multiple organs
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7
Q

What are the lab results common with Ferret Systemic Coronavirus Infection?

A
  • Hyperglobulinemia
  • Anemia
  • Leukocytosis
  • Thrombocytopenia
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8
Q

How is Ferret systemic Coronavirus infection diagnosed?

A

Definitive dx requires detection of coronavirus antigen in macrophages within areas of granulomatous inflammation

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9
Q

What is Mink Coronavirus?

A
  • Alphacoronavirus
  • Infects Mink
  • “Epizootic catarrhal gastroenteritis (ECG) reported in 1975
  • Occurs seasonally (fall)
  • Usually in >4month old mink
  • High morbidity and low mortality (<5%)
  • Co-infections may enhance severity (ex MEV)
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10
Q

What are the clinical sings of Mink Coronavirus?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Mucoid diarrhea 2-6 days after infection
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11
Q

What is Canine coronavirus (CCoV)?

A
  • alphacoronavirus
  • First in 1971 in military canine unit
  • CCoV type 1 and 2 (subtypes 2a and 2b)
  • Prevalence:
    • 20% CCov-1
    • 44% CCoV
    • 36% co-infection of 1 & 2
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12
Q

What is Canine Enteric Coronavirus (CECoV)?

A
  • CCoV-1, 2a, or 2b
  • Usually affects <6 week old puppies
  • Usually asymptomatic but mild, self-limiting diarrhea of a short duration may occur
  • Severe disease can occur with co-infection with another GI pathogen (distemper, parvovirus)
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13
Q

Is there a vaccine for canine coronavirus?

A
  • Vaccines in US for 6 weeks of age or older
    • NOT recommended by AAHA - low chance of illness, generally occurs in dogs 6 weeks of age or younger
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14
Q

What is Canine Pantropic Coronavirus?

A
  • First isolated in dead pups in 2005 in Italy - currently in EU and Asia
  • All identified pantropic CCoV belong to CCoV-IIa
  • Prior enteric CECoV infection (or vaccines) does not prevent infection with the pantropic variant
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15
Q

what are the clinical symptoms of CCoV-IIa?

A
  • Sever gastrointestinal disease
    • vomiting, profuse diarrhea
  • Fever
  • lethargy
  • hemorrhagic diarrhea
  • lymphopenia
  • neuro signs - ataxia, seizures
  • Death
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16
Q

What lesions are common with Canine Pantropic Coronavirus?

A
  • Hemorrhagic lesions in:
    • lungs
    • spleen
    • liver
    • intestines
    • kidneys
17
Q

How is CCoV-IIa diagnosed?

A
  • Cannot be made based on clinical and post-mortem findings
  • Serology (Ab) is NOT useful
  • Detection of CCoV-IIa in extra-intestinal tissues (IHC)
18
Q

What is Canine Respiratory Coronavirus?

A
  • Betacoronavirus
  • CrCoV mainly causes respiratory infections
    • alone or as co-infection
  • first detected in 2003 UK
    • oldest sample positive in 1996
  • Emerging infection, in US ~50% of dogs have Ab
19
Q

Is there a vaccine for Canine Respiratory Coronavirus?

A

No

20
Q

What co-infections are common with CrCoV?

A
  • canine adenovirus 2
  • distemper virus
  • influenza virus
  • herpesvirus
  • parainfluenza virus
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
  • Streptococcus equi ssp zooepidemicus
  • Mycoplasma spp
21
Q

What are the clinical signs of CrCoV?

A
  • Sudden onset of coughing, sneezing, discharge from nose/eyes
  • self-limiting and resolve in 1-2 weeks
22
Q

How contagious is CrCoV?

A
  • Highly contagious
  • Very common in dogs of all ages
23
Q

How is CrCoV diagnosed?

A
  • Multiple dogs are affected, progressively worsening signs of illness
  • detection of a pathogen in nasal/oral swabs - PCR-based panel
24
Q

What is Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD)?

A
  • Non-enveloped
  • +ssRNA virus
  • Genus: Lagovirus
25
Q

When was RHDV discovered?

A
  • Serotype 1
    • 1984 in China - rabbits imported from Germany
    • endemic in most of the world (except US)
  • Serotype 2 (RHDV2)
    • Emerged in EU in 2010
    • Endemic in most of the word (some parts of US)
26
Q

How is RHDV used as a biocontrol agent in Australia?

A
  • 1996 - Release of RHDV Czech strain ⇢ ~90% reduction in rabbits
    • genetic selection for resistance + native benign virus RCV-A1 in 2009 = reduced mortality of rabbits
  • 2015 - HDV2 first detected in Australia
  • 2017 - Release of RHDV K5 strain ⇢ ~36% mortality
27
Q

Has RHDV2 reached the US?

A
  • 2020 New Mexico - 1st detection in wild rabbits and hares
  • spreading across multiple states
28
Q

what is the incubation period for RHDV2?

A

1 - 9 days

29
Q

What is the mortality rate of RHDV2

A

2-80% (classical RHDV 30-100%)

30
Q

What are the different forms of disease that RHDV2 causes?

A
  • Peracute/Acute:
    • death w/in 1-3 days
    • usually good body condition
    • Sudden collapse and death w/out obvious signs, fever, blood-tinged nostrils, vocalization, paddling, jaundice
  • Subacute/Chronic:
    • some may die in 1-2 weeks due to liver dysfunction
    • Jaundice, anorexia, lethargy
  • Subclinical:
    • shed for months
31
Q

What are the target organs in RHDV2?

A
  • Liver (fulminant hepatitis)
  • lungs
  • spleen
  • *Petechia seen in almost all organs due to DIC from severe hepatic necrosis
32
Q

Compare and contrast RHDV and RHDV2

A
  • RHDV:
    • 8-10 weeks of age
    • known to infect European rabbits
  • RHDV2:
    • All ages
    • infects our native wild rabbits and several hare species
  • Both:
    • highly stable - viable virus found in tissue after 3 months in the field
      • survives freezing, 122F heat for 1 hr
33
Q

How are the RHD Viruses (classical and RHDV2) transmitted?

A
  • Highly contagious
  • Virus present in all secretions and excretions
    • Oral> conjunctival and respiratory, urine, feces, and skin trauma
  • Direct contact with live/dead rabbits
  • Fomites - chilled/frozen meat, food, fur, bedding, water, vehicle tires, clothing
  • Mechanical vectors - flies, mosquitos, other insects and birds
  • Predators - through feces after consuming infected rabbits
  • Surviving/asymptomatic rabbits can shed virus for months
34
Q

How is RHDV diagnosed?

A
  • USDA Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab (FADDL) and other designated labs
  • Contact Lab/State veterinarian:
    • sick rabbits w/suspected RHD signs after exposure to other rabbits or to a human who has recently handled other sick or dead domestic/wild rabbits
  • Submit: Liver, lung, spleen, Whole blood
  • ELISA and RT-PCR (Antigen) or Antibodies
    *
35
Q

What are the differential diagnosis for RHDV?

A
  • Poisoning, trauma, heat exhaustion
  • Bacterial infection:
    • Tularemia, plaque, Septicemic pasteurellosis, atypical myxomatosis, enterotoxaemia (E. coli or clostridium perfringens Type E
  • Any other causes of severe septicemia and secondary DIC
36
Q

What Biosecurity measures should be followed for rabbits with RHDV?

A
  • Isolate sick rabbits
    • Asymptomatic and recovered rabbits can transmit virus - considered possible reservoirs for up to 2-4 months
  • Maintenance of closed colonies or isolating new rabbits
  • Some states have movement restrictions for rabbits/hares, their products or equipment/items

Virology (37 decks)

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