feminism waves

Question 1

5 components of first wave (liberal feminism)

Answer 1

classic liberalism
rationality
education
gender justice
reformism

Question 2

first wave rationalism

Answer 2

wallstonecrafts argument that began with the premise that women are human. all humans have the same capacity for rationalityf

Question 3

first wave education

Answer 3

Wollstonecrafts demanded real education for women on the basis of their capacity for reason

Question 4

first wave benefits for education

Answer 4

rational and independent women would bring benefits to the wider society
it would allow rational and independent women to be autonomous making their own decisions in life which for Wollstonecraft was the basis for being fully human

Question 5

first wave - gender justice

Answer 5

discrimination is found in the lack of equal rights and opportunities
there should be inequality where
-the intellectual sphere
-civic life e.g right to vote e.g civil rights act 1964
-economic life (crucial to Perkins Gilman)

Question 6

first wave on reformism

Answer 6

crucial to receiving gender justice was winning the right to vote

Question 7

contemporary directions in liberal feminism

Answer 7

liberal feminists have argued more needs to be done (than anti discrimination laws e.t.c) e.g. affirmative action

Question 8

two examples of positive discrimination

Answer 8

all women shortlists by political parties such as Labour
Affirmative Action in the USA introduced by Kennedy and later included women by president Johnson

Question 9

first wave reform darwinism

Answer 9

the concept that humans are not helpless in the face f evolution. through actions they can shape to control it

Question 10

second wave marxist feminism

Answer 10

capitalism is the root of the problem

Question 11

engels link to marxist feminism

Answer 11

class oppression is the most universal form and the cause of all other oppression

Question 12

marxist feminism view of marriage

Answer 12

marriage was an institution built on exploitation with the man as the propperyu owning bourgeois and w Oman as the property less proletarian

the property less woman was degraded and reduced to servitude in the home as a salve to male lust and an instrument to produce children

Question 13

marxist feminism on reproductive labour

Answer 13

unpaid labour performed by women in the home
ensures the future and current workers are fit and able to work
should be recognised as productive and fairly paid or be socialised (take place in wider society) so women can take their place in the workforce

Question 14

solution to marxist feminist views

Answer 14

abolition of private property, capitalism and the family as an economic unit

Question 15

radical femisnim

Answer 15

believe the patriarchy is the root cause of the problem

Question 16

Kate millets sexual politics

Answer 16

integral to the radical feminist approach with its focus on patriarch and how the family and wider culture ate used to support masculine authority in all atlas of life and outside the home and permit the female no authority at all

Question 17

patriarchy (radical)

Answer 17

yhr most universal and most damaging form oppression this means tackling discrimination or overthrowing capitalism cannot eradicate oppression for women

Question 18

three key elements of radical feminism

Answer 18

personal is political
sex and gender
patriarchy

Question 19

personal is political

Answer 19

patriarchy is a pervasive relationship that dominates both the public and private sphere
the personal = experiences of women related to the female body and in the home and workplace (periods, pregnancy, violence)
bringing these issues out into the light, the understanding of oppression is depended

Question 20

sex and gender - radical feminism

Answer 20

there is a theoretical distinction

Question 21

what is meant by sex by radical feminists

Answer 21

biologicalw

Question 22

what is meant by gender by radical feminists

Answer 22

a socially defined distinction known as masculinity and femininity (Simone de Beauvoir when she stated one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman)

Question 23

androgyny

Answer 23

combining the characteristics of male and female revealing that the differences are so slight that they should have no impact on their political, social or economic role

Question 24

felinity and gender as a social construct

Answer 24

biology is not oppressive but the way men have constructed gender to control women as child bearers is
felinity sets out expectations, rules and restrictions
masculine traits like competitiveness, assertiveness and courage are seen as superior to feminine traits like passivity, submissiveness and emotional
such traits are social by childhood

Question 25

de Beauvoir four strategies

Answer 25

women must go out to work
must become intellectuals
must exercise their sexuality as they see fit
must seek economic justice and independence

Question 26

patriarchy

Answer 26

the system of control over women - it cannot be reformed, only rooted out by revolution

Question 27

six different structures that form the partiarchy

Answer 27

the state - legal procedures that prevent female control

household - housework as a woman’s most fulfilling role

Question 28

equality feminists

Answer 28

equality feminism sees the patriarchy s a male imposed construction and the imposition of differnece
patriarchy must be removed for sexual equality
sexual equality is equality in family
biological nature and differences is of little importance

Question 29

difference feminists

Answer 29

there are clear biological and psychological differences between men and women and these differences matter
seeking liberation through equality means women are seeking to be like men
idea of androgyny is misplaced and ignores biological diffenreces

Question 30

equality feminists solutions

Answer 30

women should be released from domestic responsibility
women should be free to explore sexuality as they wish
every individual should be given the freedom to be androgynous
they argue that separatist feminism replaces sexual freedom with sex as a political statement

Question 31

difference feminist solutions

Answer 31

should create a women centred culture
the feminine self will be based on the values of women which are different from men
some argue sex differences are natural and patriarchy is a direct expression of male human nature
the solution to this is female separatism as all female-male relations are oppressive

Question 32

post modernfeminims

Answer 32

gender is not the only influence on identity - it is also class and race
they are also equality femnists different experiences of women show how all are oppressed by patriarchy

Question 33

patriarchy - post modern

Answer 33

bell hooks saw it s the most important of the wider systems that teach women to be feminine based on myths made by men which make women subordinate in the home and workplace

patriarchy socialises men to be dominators