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Reproductivity > FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS > Flashcards

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

two functions of the ovary

A

production of gametes and sex hormones

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2
Q

oocyte definition

A

a gametocyte, or germ cell, involved in reproduction

an immature egg cell

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3
Q

explain limited number of oocytes

A

ovaries become populated with oogonia during fetal life

continue to divide by mitosis until a few weeks before birth

after this time, no new oocytes are produced, and thus each woman is born with a limited number

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4
Q

around how many oocytes remain at puberty + how many are we born with?

A

born with 400,000

200,000 remain

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5
Q

where do the oocytes mature?

A

fluid filled follicles

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6
Q

follicle definition

A

cellular aggregation found in the ovaries that secretes hormones that influence stages in the menstrual cycle

each contain a single oocyte, immature ovum

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7
Q

explain changes to oogonia during gestation

A

oogonia multiply and divide mitotically until the second/third trimester

the oogonia then enter meiosis I (formally named primary oocytes)

after beginning meiosis, the primary oocytes can no longer replicate

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8
Q

what happens to the primary oocytes next?

A

primary oocytes are arrested at prophase 1 for years until puberty

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9
Q

oogenesis definition

A

the production/ development of an ovum

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10
Q

what causes meiotic prophase arrest?

A

due to lack of sufficient cell cycle proteins

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11
Q

how is arrest maintained?

A

follicle and cAMP

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12
Q

what occurs during the arrested phase?

A

build up stores of RNA and protein and then rest until puberty

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13
Q

When does oogenesis begin again?

A

puberty

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14
Q

explain continuation of oogenesis

A

immature ova resumes the cell divisions of meiosis 1 and produces two daughter cells

each cell receives an equal number of chromosomes

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15
Q

what is not divided equally? + consequences

A

cytoplasm is not divided equally

cell with the cytoplasm forms the secondary oocyte

the other cell is termed the first polar body which is non functional so degenerates

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16
Q

next stage of oogenesis

A

immediately after meiosis I , meiosis II begins however is arrested in metaphase II

the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary during ovulation

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17
Q

what induces the completion of meiosis II?

A

fertilisation by sperm

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18
Q

what is formed during meiosis II?

A

one polar body and one mature ovum

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19
Q

how many mature ova are produced from one primary follicle?

A

1

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20
Q

how many polar bodies?

A

2

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21
Q

what happens to the polar bodies?

A

they generate

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22
Q

process occurring at the same time as oogenesis

A

folliculogenesis

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23
Q

folliculogenesis defintition

A

maturation of the ovarian follicle from a primordial follicle to large pre-ovulatory follicles

24
Q

main function of follicles

A

oocyte support

25
Q

what does folliculogenesis end in?

A

apoptosis or ovulation

26
Q

is folliculogenesis continuous or discontinuous? explain

A

continuous, meaning that at any time the ovary contains follicles in many stages of development

27
Q

stages of folliculogenesis

A
  1. primordial follicle becomes activated, forming primary follicles.
  2. primary follicles develop receptors to FSH
  3. primary follicle to secondary follicle containing a fully grown oocyte
  4. antrum forms adjacent to the oocyte, forming an antrum follicle - stimulated by LH and FSH
  5. early tertiary- basic structure of mature follicle formed, no new cells detectable
  6. preovulatory follicle formed
28
Q

term to denote follicle apoptosis

A

atresia

29
Q

what causes atresia?

A

developed follicles secrete oestrogen

high levels of oestrogen decrease FSH (which normally inhibits follicular atresia)

30
Q

what does atresia result in?

A

selection of the dominant follicle

31
Q

explain follicle rescue

A

increase FSH shows to rescue follicles from atresia

32
Q

two important cell types in follicles

A

theca and granulosa cells

33
Q

granulosa cell function

A

form blood-ovary barrier

convert androgens to estradiol and inhibins using aromatase

after ovulation, they become granulosa lutein cells and produce progesterone

34
Q

theca cell function

A

synthesise androgens

provide signal transduction between granulosa cells and oocytes

35
Q

stages of hormonal control of these cells

A
  1. GRH released from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary via hypothalamo-pituitary axis
  2. GRH results in release of FSH and LH from adenohypothysis
  3. FSH stimulates granulosa cells to produce aromatase

LH stimulates theca interna cells to stimulate androgen production

36
Q

ovum definition

A

the female gamete

37
Q

mature ovum outer layers

A

zona pellucida and corona radiata

38
Q

zona pellucida structure + function explained

A

thick membrane which persists for some time after fertilisation

glycoprotein rich layer that is secreted by the oocyte

contains sperm receptors

protects the oocyte

39
Q

corona radiata structure + function explained

A

innermost layer of the cells of the culmulus oophorus, adjacent to the zona pellucida

formed by enlarged granulosa cells

40
Q

menstrual cycle definition

A

regular changes that occur in the female reproductive system

cycle is required for the production of oocytes and the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy

41
Q

two cycles in the menstrual cycle + definitions

A

ovarian cycle- changes that occur in the follicles of the ovary

uterine cycle - changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus

42
Q

three phases of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase, ovulation and the luteal phase

43
Q

explain follicular stage

A

FSH secreted from the adenohypophysis in the last few stages of the menstrual cycle

FSH induces proliferation of the granulosa cells and activation of aromatase which begins the secretion of oestrogen

oestrogen stimulates hypothalamus to secrete GnRH, increasing LH which induces androgen synthesis

high levels of oestrogen however inhibit FSH release from hypothalamus- leading to selection of dominant follicle

44
Q

explain ovulation stage

A

estradiol suppresses LH from the anterior pituitary

when the egg is close to maturation, oestrogen reaches a peak which stimulates LH - known as the LH surge

release of LH matures the egg and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary, causing the release of the secondary oocyte

45
Q

explain luteal phase

A

FSH and LH cause the remaining parts of the dominant follicle to transform into the corpus luteum which produces progesterone

increase in progesterone induces the production of oestrogen

progesterone also suppresses FSH and LH, which in turn stop the development of the corpus luteum

corpus luteum degenerates, drop in progesterone

triggers menstruation

46
Q

what prevents the atresia of the corpus luteum?

A

fertilisation of the egg

syncytiotrophoblast produces hCG which is similar to LH and presevres corpus luteum

47
Q

when does luteolysis take place?

A

when not enough LH or FSH are being produced from hypothalamus, due to negative feedback from progesterone

48
Q

oestrogen function

A

promote secondary sexual characteristics, regulate the menstrual cycle

49
Q

three stages of uterine cycle

A

menstruation, proliferative and secretory

50
Q

explain menstruation

A

discharge of blood and mucosal tissues from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina

no fertilisation, no hCG leading to luteolysis which leads to a drop of progesterone which in turn results in menstruation

51
Q

explain proliferative phase

A

ovarian follicles mature, producing oestrogen

oestrogen initiates the formation of a new layer of endometrium and vaginal crypts that produce mucus

52
Q

explain secretory phase

A

corresponds to the luteal phase

progesterone produced by corpus luteum makes the endometrium receptive to the implantation of the blastocyst

increase blood flow and uterine secretions and reduce smooth muscle contractiliy

53
Q

puberty definition

A

process of physical changes through which a child’s body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction

54
Q

onset of puberty

A

high GnRH pulsing, leading to a rise in LH and FSH

55
Q

what may cause GnRH pulsing?

A

leptin

Reproductivity (7 decks)

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