Female Reproductive System and Breast II Flashcards

1
Q

The “three D’s” of endometriosis are dysmenorrhea, […], and dyschezia.

A

The “three D’s” of endometriosis are dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, and dyschezia.

other possible symptoms include chronic pelvic pain and infertility (resection of endometriosis improves conception rates)

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2
Q

The “three D’s” of endometriosis are dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, and […].

A

The “three D’s” of endometriosis are dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia, and dyschezia.

other possible symptoms include chronic pelvic pain and infertility (resection of endometriosis improves conception rates)

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3
Q

The absence of bleeding following a progestin withdrawal challenge may be indicative of low […] levels.

A

The absence of bleeding following a progestin withdrawal challenge may be indicative of low estrogen levels.

normally estrogen causes the endometrium to proliferate, which sloughs following withdrawal of progesterone; absence of withdrawal bleeding can also occur with inadequate endometrial lining (e.g. Asherman’s syndrome)

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4
Q

The diagnosis of a palpable breast mass can only be confirmed with a […].

A

The diagnosis of a palpable breast mass can only be confirmed with a biopsy.

e.g. fine needle aspiration or core needle biopsy

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5
Q

The gold standard for diagnosis of ovarian torsion is ultrasound, which typically reveals an ovarian mass with absent […].

A

The gold standard for diagnosis of ovarian torsion is ultrasound, which typically reveals an ovarian mass with absent Doppler flow.

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6
Q

The gross appearance of inflammatory breast cancer is often described as resembling an […].

A

The gross appearance of inflammatory breast cancer is often described as resembling an orange peel (Peau d’orange).

due to invasion of lymphatic spaces

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7
Q

The HPV vaccine is typically administered beginning at age 11 - 12 and can be received until age […].

A

The HPV vaccine is typically administered beginning at age 11 - 12 and can be received until age 26.

recommended for all girls and women age 11-26, regardless of HPV status; boys & men can receive the vaccine between ages 9 - 21 (up to 26 for HIV+ patients)

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8
Q

The main function of hCG during pregnancy is to maintain the […].

A

The main function of hCG during pregnancy is to maintain the corpus luteum.

hCG is secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts and peaks between 6-10 weeks; necessary to maintain progesterone secretion until the placenta is able to produce progesterone on its own

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9
Q

The most common cause of physiologic galactorrhea is […].

A

The most common cause of physiologic galactorrhea is hyperprolactinemia.

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10
Q

The most significant risk factors for vaginal squamous cell carcinoma are […] and […].

A

The most significant risk factors for vaginal squamous cell carcinoma are smoking and HPV infection.

similar to the risk factors for cervical cancer

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11
Q

The pathogenesis of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism involves loss of […] secretion.

A

The pathogenesis of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism involves loss of pulsatile GnRH secretion.

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12
Q

The pathophysiology of bacterial vaginosis involves decreased colonization of the vagina with […], leading to increased pH and overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria.

A

The pathophysiology of bacterial vaginosis involves decreased colonization of the vagina with lactobacilli, leading to increased pH and overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria.

e.g. Gardnerella vaginalis

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13
Q

The risk of developing breast cancer is directly correlated with lifetime exposure to […].

A

The risk of developing breast cancer is directly correlated with lifetime exposure to estrogen.

e.g. increased risk with nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause, obesity, etc.

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14
Q

The risk of endometrial hyperplasia/cancer is directly related to unopposed […] exposure.

A

The risk of endometrial hyperplasia/cancer is directly related to unopposed estrogen exposure.

risk factors mnemonic “HONDA”: Hypertension, Obesity, Nulliparity, Diabetes mellitus, Age (increased)

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15
Q

The size/tenderness of fibroadenomas and breast cysts increase with exposure to […].

A

The size/tenderness of fibroadenomas and breast cysts increase with exposure to estrogen.

e.g. with pregnancy, prior to menstruation

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16
Q

Treatment of small genital warts includes topical medications, such as […] or podophyllin resin.

A

Treatment of small genital warts includes topical medications, such as trichloroacetic acid or podophyllin resin.

larger lesions may require surgical removal; podophyillin resin is contraindicated during pregnancy

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17
Q

Treatment of small genital warts includes topical medications, such as trichloroacetic acid or […].

A

Treatment of small genital warts includes topical medications, such as trichloroacetic acid or podophyllin resin.

larger lesions may require surgical removal; podophyillin resin is contraindicated during pregnancy

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18
Q

Ultrasound findings consistent with epithelial ovarian carcinoma include a solid mass with thick septations and the presence of […].

A

Ultrasound findings consistent with epithelial ovarian carcinoma include a solid mass with thick septations and the presence of ascites.

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19
Q

Uterine […] is a form of pelvic organ prolapse in which the entire uterus herniates through the vagina along with the anterior and posterior vaginal walls.

A

Uterine procidentia is a form of pelvic organ prolapse in which the entire uterus herniates through the vagina along with the anterior and posterior vaginal walls.

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20
Q

Very elevated levels of […] is characteristic of menopause.

A

Very elevated levels of FSH is characteristic of menopause.

due to loss of negative feedback on FSH due to decreased estrogen

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21
Q

What cancer(s) are associated with atypical glandular cells on Pap testing?

A

cervical and endometrial adenocarcinoma

thus presence of AGCs warrants evaluation of the ectocervix, endocervix, and endometrium

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22
Q

What cause of vaginitis is characterized by a green, malodorous, frothy discharge and vaginal inflammation?

A

Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis infection)

some cases may also present with punctate hemorrhages on the cervix (“strawberry cervix”)

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23
Q

What cause of vaginitis is characterized by a positive amine whiff test?

A

Bacterial vaginosis

i.e. the presence of an amine (fishy) odor with the addition of potassium hydroxide

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24
Q

What cause of vaginitis is characterized by a thick, white discharge and vaginal inflammation?

A

Candida vaginitis (Candida albicans infection)

also typically presents with vaginal pruritus, which may be apparent on physical exam as vulvar erythema and excoriations

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25
Q

What cause of vaginitis is characterized by a thin, white discharge with a fishy odor and no vaginal inflammation?

A

Bacterial vaginosis (Gardnerella vaginalis infection)

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26
Q

What is the best long-term management for stress urinary incontinence due to urethral hypermobility?

A

Urethral sling surgery

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27
Q

What is the definitive treatment for endometriosis?

A

Hysterectomy and oophorectomy

typically done in symptomatic women who have completed childbearing

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28
Q

What is the definitive treatment for pregnant patients with HELLP syndrome?

A

Delivery

delivery should occur at > 34 weeks gestation or with deteriorating maternal/fetal status; antihypertensive medications and/or magnesium may be needed for stabilization

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29
Q

What is the effect of low estrogen levels on vaginal pH?

A

Increased pH (> 5)

thus increased pH with normal urinalysis may indicate a hypoestrogenic state (e.g. atrophic vaginitis)

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30
Q

What is the extent of epithelial involvement by immature dysplastic cells in CIN I?

A

less than 1/3

low-grade CIN; high-grade CIN involves > 1/3 epithelium and includes CIN II and III

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31
Q

What is the first-line pharmacologic treatment for infertility due to polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

Clomiphene citrate

primarily blocks estrogen receptors at the hypothalamus, inhibiting the negative feedback mechanism and restoring pulsatile release of GnRH

32
Q

What is the first-line pharmacologic treatment for menstrual irregularity due to polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

Oral contraceptives

33
Q

What is the first-line test/imaging study to evaluate infertility in a patient with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

hysterosalpingogram

minimally invasive way to detect fallopian tube patency and/or uterine cavity anomalies

34
Q

What is the first-line treatment for infertility or menstrual irregularities due to polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

Weight loss

helps restory ovulatory cycles

35
Q

What is the first-line treatment for premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

A

SSRIs

36
Q

What is the first-line treatment for primary dysmenorrhea?

A

NSAIDs and/or hormonal contraception

treatment preference depends if the patient is sexually active (OCPs) or sexually inactive (NSAIDs)

37
Q

What is the first-line treatment for stress urinary incontinence due to urethral hypermobility?

A

Pelvic muscle exercises (e.g. Kegel exercises)

38
Q

What is the first-line treatment for vulvar lichen sclerosus?

A

High-potency topical corticosteroids (e.g. clobetasol)

helps provide relief from itching and dyspareunia

39
Q

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for acute cervicitis?

A

Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)

has a high sensitivity/specificity for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which are the most common causes of acute cervicitis

40
Q

What is the gold standard method for diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)?

A

Colposcopy

acetic acid is used to help visualize abnormal cervical tissue (e.g. aceto-white changes)

41
Q

What is the gold standard test for male factor infertility?

A

Semen analysis

evaluates sperm concentration, motility, and morphology; male infertility occurs in as many as 25% of cases

42
Q

What is the initial management for mild atrophic vaginitis?

A

Vaginal moisturizer and lubricant

43
Q

What is the initial test/imaging study for a women age < 30 with a palpable breast mass?

A

Ultrasound

helps differentiate a cystic lesion versus a solid lesion; mammogram is not as useful due to increased breast tissue density in younger women

44
Q

What is the initial test/imaging study for a women age > 30 with a palpable breast mass?

A

Mammogram

ultrasound may be added for better characterization of the mass; tissue biopsy is needed to confirm the diagnosis

45
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a 35-year-old woman that presents with infertility, irregular menses, and hot flashes?

A

Primary ovarian insufficiency

i.e. cessation of ovarian function before 40 years of age

46
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a 38-year-old woman that presents with infertility despite a regular menstrual cycle and normal physical exam?

A

Decreased ovarian reserve

characterized by decreased oocyte number and quality; sharp decline in conception is notable after age 35

47
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a 6-month postpartum woman that presents with irregular vaginal bleeding, an enlarged uterus, and dyspnea with multiple infiltrates on CXR?

A

Choriocarcinoma

classically occurs after a complete hydatidiform mole, but can occur after normal pregnancy or spontaneous abortion

48
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a breastfeeding woman that presents with fever and localized breast erythema/tenderness with a palpable, fluctuant mass on physical exam?

A

Breast abscess

persistent mastitis can result in a collection of pus, thus causing an abscess

49
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a female athlete that presents with amenorrhea and decreased FSH, LH, and estrogen on laboratory exam?

A

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (hypothalamic amenorrhea)

symptoms related to loss of pulsatile GnRH secretion precipitated by weight loss, stress, or chronic illness

50
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a morbidly obese woman that presents with amenorrhea and normal pituitary hormone levels (e.g. FSH, LH, prolactin)?

A

Anovulation

anovulation occurs due to decreased progesterone production (secondary to the effects of hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenism on steroidogenesis)

51
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that presents with foul-smelling brown discharge from the posterior vaginal wall two weeks after a vaginal delivery complicated by third-degree laceration?

A

Rectovaginal fistula

red, velvety rectal mucosa may be visualized on the posterior vaginal wall

52
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that presents with pelvic pressure and voiding dysfunction one year after a hysterectomy? Pelvic examination reveals a protruding vaginal mass, especially with the Valsalva maneuver.

A

Pelvic organ prolapse

due to herniation of pelvic organs (e.g. bladder, uterus, rectum) through the vagina; risk factors include obesity, multiparity, and hysterectomy

53
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that presents with sudden-onset unilateral pelvic pain with an enlarged, edematous ovary on ultrasound? Pregnancy test is negative.

A

Ovarian torsion

absence of free pelvic fluid helps differentiate ovarian torsion from a ruptured cyst

54
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a patient that presents with sudden-onset unilateral pelvic pain with free fluid in the pelvis on ultrasound? Pregnancy test is negative.

A

Ruptured ovarian cyst

free pelvic fluid helps differentiate a ruptured cyst from ovarian torsion (enlarged, edematous ovaries on ultrasound)

55
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with crampy abdominal/back pain during the first few days of menses with a normal physical examination?

A

Primary dysmenorrhea

due to release of prostaglandins; timing of pain helps differentiate from endometriosis, which typically peaks just prior to menstruation

56
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with fever, hypotension, and a macular rash involving the palms/soles? The patient’s last menstrual period was 3 days ago.

A

Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome

likely due to prolonged tampon use, which causes a systemic inflammatory response to toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, an exotoxin that acts as a superantigen

57
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with primary amenorrhea and the following physical exam: absent uterus/upper vagina and normal ovaries, pubic hair, breast development.

A

Mullerian agenesis

characterized by no upper vagina, cervix, or uterus but otherwise normal female development

58
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with primary amenorrhea and the following physical exam: absent uterus/upper vagina, minimal pubic hair, and normal lower vagina, breast development.

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

patient’s are 46,XY and have normal testicular secretion of anti-Mullerian hormone (absent cervix, uterus, upper vagina) and testosterone (converted to estrogen for breast development)

59
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a post-menopausal woman that presents with chronic pelvic pain and a solid ovarian mass with thick septations and ascites on ultrasound?

A

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma

due to abnormal proliferation of ovarian or tubal epithelium or peritoneum; may also present with bloating and/or early satiety

60
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a postmenopausal woman that presents with breast tenderness and vaginal bleeding with a large adnexal mass on ultrasound?

A

Granulosa cell tumor

symptoms are due to estrogen secretion; may cause prococious puberty in children

61
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a postmenopausal woman that presents with vaginal pruritus/dryness, dysuria, and increased urinary frequency? Urinalysis is normal.

A

Atrophic vaginitis (genitourinary syndrome of menopause)

due to reduced estrogen support after menopause; urinary symptoms can mimic UTI therefore urinalysis and urine culture are needed to rule out concurrent infection

62
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a postmenopausal woman that presents with vulvar itching and thin, dry, white plaque-like vulvar skin?

A

Lichen sclerosus

skin is classically described as “cigarette paper” quality and patient’s may have retraction of normal anatomical landmarks (e.g. clitoral retraction); does NOT affect the vaginal mucosa, which is an important distinguishing feature from atrophic vaginitis

63
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a postmenopausal woman with a painful, eczematous, pruritic rash on the nipple/areola refractory to corticosteroids?

A

Mammary paget disease

64
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a premenopausal woman that presents with adnexal fullness and an ovarian cyst with calcifications and hyperechoic nodules on ultrasound?

A

Dermoid ovarian cyst (mature cystic teratoma)

common benign ovarian tumor in premenopausal women; may contain sebacious materal with epithelial components (e.g. hair, teeth)

65
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a premenopausal woman that presents with dyspareunia and dry vaginal mucosa? The patient’s history is significant for chronic dry eyes/mouth.

A

Sjogren syndrome

extraglandular features include arthritis, Raynaud phenomenon, cutaneous vasculitis, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma

66
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a premenopausal woman that presents with unilateral bloody nipple discharge with no palpable breast mass or lymphadenopathy?

A

Intraductal papilloma

papillary tumor affecting a single lactiferous duct; most common cause of bloody nipple discharge

67
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a premenopausal woman with aversion to sexual intercourse due to muscle spasm/pain with penetration? External pelvic examination is unremarkable.

A

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (vaginismus)

treatment is aimed at relaxing the vaginal muscles (e.g. desensitization therapy, Kegel exercises); differentiated from vulvodynia by absence of pain to superficial touch of the vaginal vestibule

68
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a premenopausal woman with heavy menstrual bleeding and a uniformly enlarged, tender, globular uterus?

A

Adenomyosis

i.e. the presence of endometrial tissue in the uterine myometrium; typically presents in a women > 40 years old with new-onset dysmenorrhea

69
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a premenopausal woman with heavy menstrual bleeding and an irregularly enlarged uterus?

A

Leiomyomata uteri (fibroids)

70
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a woman that experiences mood swings, fatigue, bloating, and hot flashes one week prior to menstruation? The symptoms resolve with menses.

A

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

symptoms must cause impairment of function (e.g. missed work); other possible symptoms include irritability and breast tenderness

71
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a woman that presents with “labor pains” despite recently having her period? Pelvic examination reveals an irregularly enlarged uterus and a dilated cervix with a firm mass visible through the external os.

A

Prolapsing uterine fibroid

typically occur when a submucosal or intracavitary fibroid prolapses through the cervical os, resulting in labor pains and cervical dilation

72
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a woman that presents with fever and RLQ abdominal pain with a large multiloculated adnexal mass on ultrasound?

A

Tubo-ovarian abscess

severe complication of pelvic inflammatory disease

73
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a woman that presents with fever, lower abdominal pain, and purulent cervical discharge? Physical exam reveals cervical motion tenderness.

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

typically preceded by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis

74
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a woman that presents with infertility and chronic pelvic pain with a fixed, immobile uterus on physical exam?

A

Endometriosis

pelvic adhesions may interfere with oocyte release and/or block sperm entry, thus causing infertility; resection of lesions improves conception rates

75
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a woman with a history of a dermoid cyst that presents with LLQ pain, nausea, and voluntary guarding? Pregnancy test is negative

A

Ovarian torsion

pain due to ischemia/necrosis of the affected ovary; ovarian torsion is more common in patients with a pelvic mass

76
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a woman with suspected pelvic inflammatory disease that presents with severe RUQ pain?

A

Fits-Hugh-Curtis disease (perihepatitis)

77
Q

What is the likely diagnosis in a women age < 30 with a well-circumscribed, firm, mobile breast mass?

A

Fibroadenoma (benign)

fibroadenoma is firm and most common before age 30, versus a breast cyst, which is soft and most common after age 30