Female reproductive organs

Question 1

82. Ovary (HE)

Answer 1

• thick peripheral cortex, highly vascular medulla
• tunica albuginea encapsulates ovary⇒ outer surface cuboidal epithelium
• follicles with germ cells
• stroma: dense highly cellular CT
• helicine arteries in medulla

Question 2

Primordial follicle

Answer 2

• immediately under tunica albuginea
• contain large rounded primary oocyte (20-30um)
• large pale vesicular nucleus is central, contains chromatin and prominent nucleolus
• single squamous cell layer around primary oocyte ⇒ follicular cells
• thick basal lamina

Question 3

Primary follicle

Answer 3

• oocyte increases in size
• zona pellucida: proteoglycan-rich substance secreted from oocyte
• follicular cell grows ⇒ cuboidal ⇒ proliferate ⇒ zone granulosa

Question 4

Secondary follicle

Answer 4

• CT becomes highly vascular inner layer of endocrine secretory cells ⇒ theca internal and theca externa
• zona granulosa proliferates
• liquor folliculi appear ⇒ follicular antrum (stratified epith)
• cumulus oophorus: thickened region in granulosa layer around oocyte
• corona radiata: columnar granulosa cells attached to oocyte

Question 5

Tertiary follicle /Graafian follicle

Answer 5

• follicular antrum ⇒ cavum folliculi
• oocyte detaches from wall
• prominent basal membrane
• nucleus is large + contain prominent nucleolus

Question 6

Theca interna and externa

Answer 6

INTERNA:
- polygonal steroid secreting cells
- contains lipid droplets
- fibroblasts and collagen
EXTERNA: 
- concentric layers of fibers, smooth muscle and flattened fusiform CT cells

Question 7

Corpus Hemorrhagicum

Answer 7

• after ovulation- follicular wall folded and collapses

- bleeding from ruptured capillaries of theca interna ⇒ central blood clot

Question 8

Corpus luteum

Answer 8

• granulos and theca internal cells increases in size ⇒ lipid droplets with lipochrome pigment in cytoplasm ⇒⇒ Luteal cells
• granulosa lutein cells: bigger, form main bulk
• theca lutein cells: smaller, more dark
• produces progesteron and estrogens
• central bloodclot ⇒ fibrous tissue

Question 9

Corpus albicans

Answer 9

• in no fertilization ⇒ corpus luteum degenerates
• lutein cells show fatty degeneration, macrophages eat cellular debris and CT replaces endocrine cells
• scar like structures

Question 10

Atretic follicle

Answer 10

• at any stage ⇒ follicular atresia
• disorganization of granulosa cells ⇒ macrophages + vascular CT
• zona pellucida thickens ⇒ layer of hyaline substance
• theca internal cells proliferate⇒ radial cords + secrete steroid hormones

Question 11

97. Corpus luteum (HE)

Answer 11

• granulosa + theca interna cells increase in size ⇒ lipid droplets + lipochrome in cytoplasm
• granulos lutein cells ⇒ late, main bulk
• theca lutein cells ⇒ smaller + darker
• produces progesterone + estrogens
• central blood clot ⇒ fibrous tissue

Question 12

94. Uterine tube (HE)

Answer 12

• longitudinal branched folds
• labyrinth like lumen
• EPITHELIUM: high columnar + cilia + scattered non-ciliated secretory cells (peg cells)
• LAMINA PROPRIA: loose CT + reticular fibers + fusiform cells
• MUSCULARIS EXTERNA: inner circular + outer longitudinal
• SEROSA: peritoneal covering
• shorter and less branched longitudinal folds in isthmus than ampulla
• thicher muscularis externa, height of columnar cells diminishes in isthmus

Question 13

84. Uterus (HE)

Answer 13

ENDOMETRIUM:
- EPITHELIUM: simple columnar + ciliated cells
- LAMINA PROPRIA: CT layer thick, simple tubular glands, highly cellular
MYOMETRIUM:
- several layers of smooth muscle bundles
- thin CT septa with collagen, reticular fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells separate muscle bundles

Question 14

Parts of endometrium

Answer 14

Stratrum basale: 
- basal portion, retained during menstruation
Stratum functionale:
- bigger part
- sloughed off

Circumferential arteries in myometrium ⇒ short straight vessel to stratum basale ⇒ spiral arteries to stratum functionale

Question 15

Muscle layers of myometrium

Answer 15

• Thin longitudinal submucosum
• Thick stratum vasculare
• Stratum subvasculare
• Thin longitudinal stratum subserosum

Question 16

Proliferative phase

Answer 16

• estrogen-controlled phase
• endometrium thickens + straight tubular glands increase in number and length + deposition of ground substance in storm increases thickness
• coiled arteries convoluted, do not extend to superficial third of lamina propria

Question 17

Secretory phase

Answer 17

• progesterone
• endometrium becomes much more thicker
• proliferating glands ⇒ tortuous + sacculated portions with wide irregular lumina
  
  • nuclei of cells displaced
  • basal cytoplasm accumulates glycogen
  • secretory product accumulates in glandular lumen
• coiled arteries ⇒ more convoluted + extend into superficial lamina propria
• edema in stroma
• layers of stratum functionale:
  
  • stratum compactum⇒ contain necks of glands, interglandular stream cells ⇒ desidual reactions⇒ increase in size, become swollen, accumulate glycogen + lipid
  • stratum spongiosum ⇒ deeper part, glands become more tortuous and dilated, inter glandular stroma not prominent

Question 18

86. Placenta - 6 week old pregnancy (HE)

Answer 18

• Chronionic villi:
  
  • CT core
  • tertiary villi: contain fetal blood vessels
  • secondary villi: no blood vessels but mesenchymal CT core
  • primary villi: cytotrophoblastic core
  • core contains fibroblasts, Hoefbauer cells, plasma cells, collagen fibers
• in fetal blood vessels ⇒ nucleated RBCs
• Outer syncytiotrophoblastic + inner cytotrophoblastic layer cover villi ⇒ supported by basement membrane
• syncytial surface ⇒ brush border
• cytotrophoblast⇒ cuboidal cells

Question 19

85. Placenta - newborn (HE)

Answer 19

FETAL SIDE:
- chorionic plate + chorionic villi
- aminotic epithelium: low cuboidal/squamous
- chorionic plate covered by: cytotrophoblastic + syncytal layers
- each villus stem attaching to chorionic plate has trunk⇒ second and third order branches
- free villi: grows out from side of trunk or branches
- intervillous space: between villi, maternal blood circulates
MATERNAL SIDE:
- called decidua basalis
- lined by trophoblastic shell
- openings in basal plate to intervillous space
- incomplete placental septa
* core of decidual cells, lined by trophoblastic cells
* fibrinid material between syncytiotrophoblast + maternal tissue

Question 20

Placental barrier

Answer 20

1. Syncytiotrophoblast
2. Basal membrane of syncytiotrophoblast
3. Mesoderm of the villus
4. Basal membrane of endothelium
5. Capillary endothelium

Question 21

12. Umbilical cord (HE)

Answer 21

• amniotic epithelium: squamous/cuboidal
• internal mass: Wharton’s jelly
• left umbilical vein + 2 umbilical arteries
• umbilical vessels constrict in response to stretching + cooling
  
  • bradykinin produced in cord ⇒ induces constriction of arteries, veins and ductus arteriosus

Question 22

87. Vagina (HE)

Answer 22

• EPITHELIUM: non-keratinized stratified squamous (thick + rich in glycogen)
• LAMINA PROPRIA: loose fibroelastic CT + many veins, devoid of glands
• MUSCULARIS EXTERNA: inner circular + outer longitudinal
• ADVENTITIA: dense fibroelastic CT + venous plexus
• urethra: transitional epithelium, lamina propria ⇒ elastic fibers + urethral glands + veins

Question 23

88. Labium majus and labium minus (HE)

Answer 23

LABIA MAJORA:
- skin is pigmented, prominent hair follicles + sebaceous glands
- subepithelial CT rich in lymphocytes + plasma cells
- vascular loose CT containing apocrine glands + adipose tissue
- uterine round ligament
LABIA MINORA:
- devoid of fat
- no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
- slightly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- melanin pigment i stratum basale and startum spinosum
- CT core rich in blood vessels, peripheral nerves, elastic fibers