Female reproductive organs Flashcards
- Ovary (HE)
- thick peripheral cortex, highly vascular medulla
- tunica albuginea encapsulates ovary⇒ outer surface cuboidal epithelium
- follicles with germ cells
- stroma: dense highly cellular CT
- helicine arteries in medulla
Primordial follicle
- immediately under tunica albuginea
- contain large rounded primary oocyte (20-30um)
- large pale vesicular nucleus is central, contains chromatin and prominent nucleolus
- single squamous cell layer around primary oocyte ⇒ follicular cells
- thick basal lamina
Primary follicle
- oocyte increases in size
- zona pellucida: proteoglycan-rich substance secreted from oocyte
- follicular cell grows ⇒ cuboidal ⇒ proliferate ⇒ zone granulosa
Secondary follicle
- CT becomes highly vascular inner layer of endocrine secretory cells ⇒ theca internal and theca externa
- zona granulosa proliferates
- liquor folliculi appear ⇒ follicular antrum (stratified epith)
- cumulus oophorus: thickened region in granulosa layer around oocyte
- corona radiata: columnar granulosa cells attached to oocyte
Tertiary follicle /Graafian follicle
- follicular antrum ⇒ cavum folliculi
- oocyte detaches from wall
- prominent basal membrane
- nucleus is large + contain prominent nucleolus
Theca interna and externa
INTERNA: - polygonal steroid secreting cells - contains lipid droplets - fibroblasts and collagen EXTERNA: - concentric layers of fibers, smooth muscle and flattened fusiform CT cells
Corpus Hemorrhagicum
- after ovulation- follicular wall folded and collapses
- bleeding from ruptured capillaries of theca interna ⇒ central blood clot
Corpus luteum
- granulos and theca internal cells increases in size ⇒ lipid droplets with lipochrome pigment in cytoplasm ⇒⇒ Luteal cells
- granulosa lutein cells: bigger, form main bulk
- theca lutein cells: smaller, more dark
- produces progesteron and estrogens
- central bloodclot ⇒ fibrous tissue
Corpus albicans
- in no fertilization ⇒ corpus luteum degenerates
- lutein cells show fatty degeneration, macrophages eat cellular debris and CT replaces endocrine cells
- scar like structures
Atretic follicle
- at any stage ⇒ follicular atresia
- disorganization of granulosa cells ⇒ macrophages + vascular CT
- zona pellucida thickens ⇒ layer of hyaline substance
- theca internal cells proliferate⇒ radial cords + secrete steroid hormones
- Corpus luteum (HE)
- granulosa + theca interna cells increase in size ⇒ lipid droplets + lipochrome in cytoplasm
- granulos lutein cells ⇒ late, main bulk
- theca lutein cells ⇒ smaller + darker
- produces progesterone + estrogens
- central blood clot ⇒ fibrous tissue
- Uterine tube (HE)
- longitudinal branched folds
- labyrinth like lumen
- EPITHELIUM: high columnar + cilia + scattered non-ciliated secretory cells (peg cells)
- LAMINA PROPRIA: loose CT + reticular fibers + fusiform cells
- MUSCULARIS EXTERNA: inner circular + outer longitudinal
- SEROSA: peritoneal covering
- shorter and less branched longitudinal folds in isthmus than ampulla
- thicher muscularis externa, height of columnar cells diminishes in isthmus
- Uterus (HE)
ENDOMETRIUM:
- EPITHELIUM: simple columnar + ciliated cells
- LAMINA PROPRIA: CT layer thick, simple tubular glands, highly cellular
MYOMETRIUM:
- several layers of smooth muscle bundles
- thin CT septa with collagen, reticular fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells separate muscle bundles
Parts of endometrium
Stratrum basale: - basal portion, retained during menstruation Stratum functionale: - bigger part - sloughed off
Circumferential arteries in myometrium ⇒ short straight vessel to stratum basale ⇒ spiral arteries to stratum functionale
Muscle layers of myometrium
- Thin longitudinal submucosum
- Thick stratum vasculare
- Stratum subvasculare
- Thin longitudinal stratum subserosum
Proliferative phase
- estrogen-controlled phase
- endometrium thickens + straight tubular glands increase in number and length + deposition of ground substance in storm increases thickness
- coiled arteries convoluted, do not extend to superficial third of lamina propria
Secretory phase
- progesterone
- endometrium becomes much more thicker
- proliferating glands ⇒ tortuous + sacculated portions with wide irregular lumina
- nuclei of cells displaced
- basal cytoplasm accumulates glycogen
- secretory product accumulates in glandular lumen
- coiled arteries ⇒ more convoluted + extend into superficial lamina propria
- edema in stroma
- layers of stratum functionale:
- stratum compactum⇒ contain necks of glands, interglandular stream cells ⇒ desidual reactions⇒ increase in size, become swollen, accumulate glycogen + lipid
- stratum spongiosum ⇒ deeper part, glands become more tortuous and dilated, inter glandular stroma not prominent
- Placenta - 6 week old pregnancy (HE)
- Chronionic villi:
- CT core
- tertiary villi: contain fetal blood vessels
- secondary villi: no blood vessels but mesenchymal CT core
- primary villi: cytotrophoblastic core
- core contains fibroblasts, Hoefbauer cells, plasma cells, collagen fibers
- in fetal blood vessels ⇒ nucleated RBCs
- Outer syncytiotrophoblastic + inner cytotrophoblastic layer cover villi ⇒ supported by basement membrane
- syncytial surface ⇒ brush border
- cytotrophoblast⇒ cuboidal cells
- Placenta - newborn (HE)
FETAL SIDE:
- chorionic plate + chorionic villi
- aminotic epithelium: low cuboidal/squamous
- chorionic plate covered by: cytotrophoblastic + syncytal layers
- each villus stem attaching to chorionic plate has trunk⇒ second and third order branches
- free villi: grows out from side of trunk or branches
- intervillous space: between villi, maternal blood circulates
MATERNAL SIDE:
- called decidua basalis
- lined by trophoblastic shell
- openings in basal plate to intervillous space
- incomplete placental septa
* core of decidual cells, lined by trophoblastic cells
* fibrinid material between syncytiotrophoblast + maternal tissue
Placental barrier
- Syncytiotrophoblast
- Basal membrane of syncytiotrophoblast
- Mesoderm of the villus
- Basal membrane of endothelium
- Capillary endothelium
- Umbilical cord (HE)
- amniotic epithelium: squamous/cuboidal
- internal mass: Wharton’s jelly
- left umbilical vein + 2 umbilical arteries
- umbilical vessels constrict in response to stretching + cooling
- bradykinin produced in cord ⇒ induces constriction of arteries, veins and ductus arteriosus
- Vagina (HE)
- EPITHELIUM: non-keratinized stratified squamous (thick + rich in glycogen)
- LAMINA PROPRIA: loose fibroelastic CT + many veins, devoid of glands
- MUSCULARIS EXTERNA: inner circular + outer longitudinal
- ADVENTITIA: dense fibroelastic CT + venous plexus
- urethra: transitional epithelium, lamina propria ⇒ elastic fibers + urethral glands + veins
- Labium majus and labium minus (HE)
LABIA MAJORA:
- skin is pigmented, prominent hair follicles + sebaceous glands
- subepithelial CT rich in lymphocytes + plasma cells
- vascular loose CT containing apocrine glands + adipose tissue
- uterine round ligament
LABIA MINORA:
- devoid of fat
- no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
- slightly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- melanin pigment i stratum basale and startum spinosum
- CT core rich in blood vessels, peripheral nerves, elastic fibers
