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Reproduction > Female reproductive anatomy > Flashcards

Female reproductive anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only true organ or female reproduction?

A

Ovary

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2
Q

What things make up the female reproductive tract?

A 
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Perineal muscles
Bartholin's glands
Clitoris
Labia
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3
Q

What parts of the reproductive tract are found in the pelvic cavity?

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Superior part of vagina

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4
Q

What parts of the reproductive tract are found in the perineum?

A 
Inferior part of vagina
Perineal muscles
Bartholin's glands
Clitoris
Labia
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5
Q

Where is the uterus etc located in relation to other organs?

A 
Between bladder (anterior) and rectum (posterior)
Under peritoneum
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6
Q

What two pouches are formed between subperitoneal organs in women?

A

Vesicouterine pouch

Rectouterine pouch- Pouch of Douglas

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7
Q

What is the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Rectouterine pouch- Pouch of Douglas

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8
Q

How can you drain fluid from the pouch of Douglas?

A

Needle passed through the posterior fornix of the vagina

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9
Q

What is the only part of the female reproductive system that is intraperitoneal?

A

Uterine tubes

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10
Q

What makes the uterine tubes intraperitoneal?

A

Broad ligament

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11
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Peritoneum draped over the uterine tubes

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12
Q

WHat does the broad ligament do?

A

Keeps uterus in position

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13
Q

What are the two main ligaments of the uterus?

A

Broad

Round

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14
Q

What forms the round ligament?

A

Embryological remnant of gubernaculum that guides the organs down from the abdomen.

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15
Q

What is another name for the round ligament?

A

Teres ligament

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16
Q

What does the teres ligament pass through?

A

Deep and superficial inguinal rings

Inguinal canal

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17
Q

What is the main part of the uterus called?

A

Body

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18
Q

WHat separates the uterus from the vagina?

A

Cervix

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19
Q

What branches off the uterus superiorly?

A

Uterine tubes

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20
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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21
Q

What is found at either end of the cervix?

A

Inferiorly- External os

Superiorly- Internal os

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22
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Implantation anywhere other than the body of the uterus

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23
Q

Where is the most common sight for an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Uterine tubes

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24
Q

What holds the uterus in place?

A

Ligaments- Uterosacral, broad ligament
Endopelvic fascia
Pelvic floor- Levator Ani

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25
Q

Where does the uterosacral ligament attach?

A

Cervix

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26
Q

In the phrase ‘x and y’ used to describe the uterine position what do x and y stand for?

A

x- position of cervix in relation to vagina

y- position of uterus in relation to cervix

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27
Q

What is the most common uterine position?

A

Anteverted and anteflexed

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28
Q

What does Anteverted and anteflexed mean?

A

Cervix is folded anterior to vagina

Uterus is folded anterior to cervix

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29
Q

In an Anteverted and anteflexed position what does the uterus rest on?

A

Bladder

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30
Q

What is a normal variation of uterine position?

A

Retroverted and retroflexed

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31
Q

What occurs near the external os of the cervix?

A

Transformation zone from squamous epithelium to columnar

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32
Q

Where is samples in a smear test?

A

Transformation zone

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33
Q

What is another name for the uterine tubes?

A

Fallopian tubes

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34
Q

What are the three major parts of the uterine tubes from lateral to medial?

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

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35
Q

What is the infundibulum of the uterine tubes?

A

Funnel like part that picks up the egg

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36
Q

Where does fertilization normally occur?

A

Ampulla

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37
Q

What does the infundibulum have?

A

Fimbriae to move the egg along

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38
Q

What prefix is associated with the uterine tubes?

A

‘Salpingo’

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39
Q

What does the infundibulum open into?

A

Peritoneum

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40
Q

What does the link between the uterine tubes and peritoneal cavity allow for?

A

Ectopic pregnancy in peritoneal cavity

Infection spread

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41
Q

How big and what shape are ovaries?

A

Almond size and shaped

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42
Q

What do ovaries secrete?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

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43
Q

Where are the ovaries found?

A

Lateral abdo wall in ovarian fossa

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44
Q

Where do ovaries develop?

A

Posterior abdo wall

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45
Q

Where do ovaries release an ovum into?

A

Peritoneal cavity

46
Q

Is the vagina normally open or closed?

A

CLosed

47
Q

What is the only part of the vagina always open?

A

Fornix

48
Q

What four fornices are there in the vagina?

A

Lateral x2
Anterior
Posterior

49
Q

What can be palpated in the vagina?

A 
Ischial spines (4 and 8 o'clock)
Uterus (check position)
Adnexae (ovary and uterine tubes)- finger into lateral fornix and press with other hand in iliac fossa. SHouldn't normally feel anything.
50
Q

How do you palpate the adnexae?

A

Finger into lateral fornix and press with other hand in iliac fossa. Shouldn’t normally feel anything.

51
Q

What is the role of the ovary?

A

Produce sex hormones

Produce and release gametes

52
Q

What are the two areas of the ovary?

A

Medulla

Cortex

53
Q

What is found in the ovarian medulla?

A

Blood, lymphatics and connective tissue

54
Q

Describe the ovarian cortex

A

Connective tissue with scattered ovarian follicles.

55
Q

What is the very most outer layer of the ovary called?

A

Germinal epithelium

56
Q

What is the germline epithelium made of?

A

Single layer of cuboidal cells

57
Q

What is found directly below the germinal epithelium?

A

Tunica albicans

58
Q

What is the tunica albicans made of?

A

Dense connective tissue

59
Q

Name the nine steps in oocyte formation and release

A 
Primordial follicle
Early primary follicle
Late primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Mature (Graafian) follicle with oocyte inside
Follicle rupture and oocyte release
Follicle forms corpus hemorrhagicum
CH to corpus luteum
CL to corpus albicans
60
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

Cell in an ovary that may become an egg

61
Q

What type of cell gives rise to oocytes?

A

Oogonia

62
Q

When do oogonia appear?

A

6 weeks into development

63
Q

What gives rise to oogonia?

A

Germ cells from the yoke sac

64
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Development of oocytes from oogonia

65
Q

What is Folliculogenesis?

A

Growth of the follicle, which consists of the oocyte and any associated support cells.

66
Q

What is the term for loss of oocytes that occurs around birth and up to puberty?

A

Atresia

67
Q

During development do oocytes undergo meiosis?

A

Only up to prophase I then pause until needed

68
Q

In a primordial follicle the does an oocyte need to associate with to stop it dying?

A

Pregranulosa cells (squamous epithelium)

69
Q

When a follicle develops to a primary follicle what happens to its granulosa cells?

A

Become cuboidal

70
Q

Describe a primary follicle

A

Oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida
Surrounded by follicle (granulosa) cells with basal lamina on the outside
All surrounded by stromal cells

71
Q

Describe a follicle as it develops from an early primary to late primary

A

Granulosa cells proliferate

Stromal cells become theca interna which secrete oestrogen precursor which is converted to oestrogen by granulosa cells

72
Q

What happens as a late primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle?

A

A fluid filled antrum develops in the granulosa cell layer

73
Q

What is a follicle called when its antrum is matured?

A

Graafian follicle

74
Q

What happens one day before ovulation?

A

Oocyte completes meiosis to produce one normal daughter (secondary oocyte) cell and one small one which dies

75
Q

Once the oocyte has been ovulated what happens to the follicle?

A

Changes to corpus luteum which secretes oestrogen and progesterone

76
Q

What do the oestrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum do?

A

Prepare the uterus for implantation

77
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if no implantation occurs?

A

Forms a mass of connective tissue called corpus albicans

78
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if implantation does occur?

A

Placenta secretes Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) which to prevent its breakdown therefore keeps producing progesterone

79
Q

What moves the ovum down the uterine tubes?

A

Peristalsis and ciliary movement

80
Q

What special cells are found in the epithelium of the uterine tubes?

A

Cells to secrete nutrients

81
Q

What lines the uterine tubes?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with ciliated and secretory cells

82
Q

What surrounds the epithelial lining of the uterine tubes?

A

SM

83
Q

How does the epithelium change as you progress along from the ampulla to isthmus?

A

Lose ciliated and gain secretory

84
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

85
Q

What is the endometrium made of?

A

Tubular secretory glands embedded in a connective tissue stroma.

86
Q

What is the myometrium made of?

A

SM
Collagen
Elastic tissue

87
Q

What is the perimetrium made of?

A

Mesothelium

88
Q

What is the perimetrium continuous with?

A

Peritoneum

89
Q

What are the two zones of the endometrium?

A

Stratum Functionalis

Stratum Basalis

90
Q

What does the stratum functionalis do?

A

Monthly growth and loss

91
Q

What does the stratum basalis do?

A

Regenerate the SF

92
Q

What grows from the stratum basalis to form the stratum functionalis?

A

Glands
Stroma
Blood vessels

93
Q

What causes the stroma to proliferate?

A

Oestrogen

94
Q

During proliferation how do the glands look?

A

Straight

95
Q

During the secretory phase how do the glands look?

A

Corkscrew

96
Q

What causes the shedding of endometrium during menstruation?

A

Reduced blood supply causing ischemia

97
Q

What makes up most of the cervix?

A

Connective tissue

98
Q

What lines most of the cervix?

A

Mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium

99
Q

What lines the vaginal surface of the cervix?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

100
Q

What is the junction between the two forms of epithelium on the cervix called?

A

Transformational zone/Squamocolumnar junction

101
Q

What occurs in the simple columnar epithelium part of the cervix?

A

(most of it)

Endocervical glands

102
Q

What two types of secretion can endocervical glands secrete?

A

Thin and watery in the proliferative phase (allowing the passage of sperm)
Thick and viscous following ovulation (preventing the passage of sperm, or microorganisms).

103
Q

What happens if the outlet to a endocervical glands becomes blocked?

A

A Nabothian cyst develops

104
Q

What are the four cell layers of the vagina?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria- connective tissue rich in elastic fibres and thin-walled blood vessels
Fibromuscular layer
Adventitia

105
Q

Are there any glands in the wall of the vagina?

A

No

106
Q

What lubricates the vagina?

A

Cervical glands

107
Q

What do commensal bacteria do in the vagina?

A

Metabolize glycogen to lactic acid which inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

108
Q

What is the labia majora an extension of?

A

Mons pubis

109
Q

What does the labia majora contain?

A

Apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands

Hair follicles

110
Q

What are labia minor?

A

Thin skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles, but are rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands that secrete directly onto the surface of the skin

111
Q

What does the cliotris contain?

A

two tubes of erectile vascular tissue (corpora cavernosa)

112
Q

What is the cliotris covered in?

A

A fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin with rich innervation and a thin epidermis

Reproduction (8 decks)

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