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Urogenital 1 > Female Reproduction System > Flashcards

Female Reproduction System Flashcards

1
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Female germ cells (oocytes and eggs).

Oestrogen and progesterone

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2
Q

What does the uterine tube do?

A

Captures the ovulate oocyte

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3
Q

What ligament supports the uterus and uterine tubes?

A

Broad ligament

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4
Q

What makes up the female urogenital triangle?

A

Vulva and external female genitalia

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5
Q

What innervates the urogenital triangle?

A

Pudendal nerve

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6
Q

What are oogonia?

A

Future eggs

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7
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

• Oogenesis – the maturation of oocytes

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8
Q

Which hormone is dominant pre-ovulation?

A

Oestrogen

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9
Q

Which hormone is dominant post-ovulation?

A

Progesterone

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10
Q

Where does the ovary develop from?

A

Mesonephros and gonadal ridge

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11
Q

What connects the ovary to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

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12
Q

What connect the ovary to the uterus?

A

Ovarian ligament

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13
Q

What is menarche?

A

The first occurrence of menstruation.

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14
Q

What makes up the outer layer of the oocyte?

A

Corona radiata

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15
Q

What makes up the inner layer of the oocyte?

A

The zona pellucida

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16
Q

What hormone do theca cells bind to?

A

LH

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17
Q

What do the antral follicles of the tertiary oocyte produce?

A

Steroid hormones

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18
Q

Which cells in the oocyte synthesise androgens?

A

Theca cells

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19
Q

Which cells of the oocyte convert androgens into oestrogen?

A

Granulosa cells

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20
Q

What controls GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus?

A

Oestrogen levels

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21
Q

What hormone do granulosa cells bind to?

A

FSH and LH

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22
Q

Where is gonadotrophin (peptide hormone) produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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23
Q

What does gonadotrophin do?

A

Acts on the granulosa cells stimulating them to produce oestrogen.

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24
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on granulosa cells?

A

Stimulates the proliferation of granulosa cells.

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25
Q

What cells does LH bind to in the oocyte?

A

Theca cells

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26
Q

What cells do FSH bind to in the oocyte?

A

Granulosa cells

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27
Q

What effect does LH have on theca cells?

A

Stimulates theca cells to produce androgens

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28
Q

What part of the uterine tube catches the egg produced by the ovaries?

A

The fimbrial end

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29
Q

When is follicular development stopped in the fetus?

A

Prophase 1 of meiosis

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30
Q

What does the zona pellucida separate?

A

The zona pellucida separates the oocyte from granulosa cells.

31
Q

What stimulates the proliferation of granulosa cells?

32
Q

How does a spike in oestrogen increase the chance of fertilisation between days 11-15 of then menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen makes the vaginal mucosa more hospitable to incoming sperm.

33
Q

What arteries supply the endometrial layer of the uterus?

A

Spiral arteries

34
Q

What cells differentiate into primary oocytes?

A

Primordial oocytes

35
Q

What causes only one follicle to be produced in ovulation?

A

FSH secretion decreases, so there is only enough FSH to stimulate production of one follicle.

36
Q

What determines which one follicle matures?

A

The follicle with the most FSH receptors becomes dominant as the others die off.

37
Q

What is the graafian follicle?

A

The one mature follicle that develops

38
Q

What cells form the corpus luteum?

A

Granulosa cells

39
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone
INHIBIN

40
Q

If fertilisation occurs when and where does the fertilised egg implant?

A

It implants into the uterine endometrium around the 5th day following fertilisation.

41
Q

What structures maintain pregnancy?

A

Corpus luteum

Placenta

42
Q

When does the placenta take over maintenance of pregnancy?

A

During the second and third months of pregnancy.

43
Q

How does duration of the preovulatory phase vs the postovulatory phase vary?

A

The POSTovulatory phase is always 14 days.

The preovulatory phase is around 14 days but varies.

44
Q

What hormone is the primary hormone that maintains pregnancy?

45
Q

Where is hCG produced?

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts in the placenta

Also initially in the corpus luteum

46
Q

How does a surge of oestrogen produced by the dominant follicle affect theca and granulosa cells?

A

Stimulates the growth of LH receptors

47
Q

What is the round ligament of the uterus?

A

A remnant of the female gubernaculum.

48
Q

In order what are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium - inner layer
Myometrium - middle layer
Perimetrium - outer layer

49
Q

How does the endometrium change?

A

The endometrium proliferates in the first half of the menstrual cycle.
If fertilisation does not occur the endometrium degenerates and is sloughed off during days 3-5 of menstruation.

50
Q

What do syncytiotrophoblasts in the placenta produce?

51
Q

What is the myometrium of the uterus?

A

The smooth muscle layer

52
Q

What is the perimetrium of the uterus?

A

A serous layer of visceral peritoneal covering

53
Q

What cells line the lumen of the vagina?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

54
Q

What produces the mucus that lubricates the vagina?

A

Cervical glands

55
Q

When does the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle occur?

A

Days 5-14 of the menstrual cycle

56
Q

What hormones stimulates the proliferative phase of the

57
Q

What are the two parts of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovarian cycle

Uterine cycle

58
Q

What are the two components of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicle development

Ovulation

59
Q

What comprises the first 5 days of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation (bleeding)

Follicular development is also occurinig

60
Q

Follicle growth results in increased oestrogen what is the feedback from this?

A

Negative feedback, high oestrogen causes the anterior pituitary to secrete less FSH.

61
Q

What happens when the uterus goes through the proliferative phase?

A
  1. Functional endometrium thickens
  2. Uterine glands grow
  3. Spiral arteries form supplying the endometrial layer of the uterus
62
Q

What does the LH surge do?

A

The LH surge causes rupture of the ovarian follicle, and release of the oocyte.

63
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

Inhibits FSH secretion

64
Q

How does progesterone affect FSH and LH levels?

A

Inhibits their secretion causing LH and FSH levels to fall.

65
Q

How does progesterone affect the uterus?

A

Progesterone causes the uterus to begin it’s secretory phase.

66
Q

What changes happen after day 15 when the window for fertilisation begins to close?

A
  1. The cervical mucus thickens becoming less hospitable to sperm.
  2. Corpus luteum is replaced by the corpus albicans which does produce any hormones. This causes oestrogen and progesterone levels to decrease.
67
Q

How does oestrogen affect the cervical mucus and why?

A

Oestrogen makes the cervical mucus thin and watery, to aid the migration of sperm through the cervical os.

68
Q

How does progesterone affect cervical mucus and why?

A

Progesterone makes the cervical mucus thicker, preventing bacteria from entering the uterus maintaining pregnancy.

69
Q

How is menopause defined?

A

No menstruation for 12 months with no other cause.

70
Q

What is the average age menopause occurs?

71
Q

What are the symptoms of the menopause?

A

Vasomotor symptoms - hot flushes
Urogenital changes - vaginal dryness, vaginal arophy
Changes in mood
Osteoporosis

72
Q

What is oxytocin secreted into the blood by?

A

Posterior pituitary

73
Q

What is oxytocin produced by?

A

Hypothalamus

74
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Oxytocin stimulates the uterine muscles to contract and also increases production of prostaglandins, which increase the contractions further.

Stimulates milk ejection from the nipple.

Urogenital 1 (12 decks)

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