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Urogenital 1 > Anatomy of Urogenital > Flashcards

Anatomy of Urogenital Flashcards

1
Q

At what spinal level are the kidneys positioned in the body?

A

T12-L3

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2
Q

Which kidney is lower than the other and why?

A

The right kidney due to the presence of the liver.

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3
Q

Under which ribs do the kidneys sit?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

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4
Q

What is the renal hilum?

A

An indentation in the kidney that leads to the renal sinus.

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5
Q

What structures are contained within the hilum?

A

Renal veins, arteries, nerves and lymphatic vessels. Ureters also exit the kidney.

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6
Q

What are the three levels of tissue that surround each kidney?

A

Superficial layer - renal fascia
Middle layer - Adipose capsule
Deep layer - Renal capsule

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7
Q

What does the renal fascia do?

A

Renal fascia anchors the kidney to it’s surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall.

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8
Q

What does the adipose capsule of the kidney do?

A

Fatty tissue that protects the kidney from trauma and holds it in place.

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9
Q

What does the renal capsule do?

A

Serves as a barrier against trauma and helps to maintain the shape of the kidney.

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10
Q

What are the two regions of the kidney?

A

Renal cortex

Renal Medulla

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11
Q

What do ureters do?

A

Transport urine from kidneys to bladder.

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12
Q

Where are nephrons in the kidney located?

A

Outer cortex and the juxtamedullary region.

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13
Q

How are cortical nephrons different to juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons have a short loop and their tubules extend only a short distance into the medulla.

Juxtamedullary nephrons have a long loop and extend deep into the medulla.

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14
Q

What are renal pyramids and where are they located?

A

Collections of tubules located in the medulla.

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15
Q

Explain the path of urine drainage in the kidneys.

A

Collecting duct > Papillary duct > Minor calyx > Major calyx > Renal pelvis > Ureter > Urinary bladder

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16
Q

What is the outer cortex comprised of?

A

Outer cortical zone and juxtamedullary zone

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17
Q

What comprises the inner medulla?

A

12 renal pyramids

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18
Q

On entering the kidney which is superior, the renal artery or the renal vein?

A

Renal artery is superior to the renal vein.

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19
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

High pressure capillary bed between an afferent and efferent arteriole.

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20
Q

What surrounds the glomerulus and what is it’s function?

A

Bowman’s capsule which forms a lumen to capture and direct filtrate.

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21
Q

Explain the flow of fluid through the nephron.

A

Glomerulus > PCT > Descending limb of the loop of Henle > Ascending limb > DCT > Collecting Duct

22
Q

Explain the blood flow through the kidney.

A

Aorta > Renal artery > Segmental artery > Interlobar artery > Arcuate artery > Cortical radiate artery > Afferent arteriole > Glomerulus capillaries > Efferent arteriole > Peritubular capillaries > Cortical radiate vein > Arcuate vein > Interlobar vein > Renal vein > Inferior vena cava

23
Q

What is the blood supply to the ureters?

A
  1. Branches of the renal artery (upper ureter)
  2. Branches from the gonadal artery (middle ureter)
  3. Branches from the internal iliac artery (lower ureter)
24
Q

What is the blood supply to the upper ureter?

A

Branches of the renal artery

25
Q

What is the blood supply to the middle ureter?

A

Branches of the gonadal artery

26
Q

Where do the three uteric constrictions occur?

A
  1. Pelviuteric junction.
  2. As the ureter cross the pelvic brim (common for kidney stones to be lodged here).
  3. As the ureter enters the bladder.
27
Q

Where does the major calyx drain into?

A

Renal pelvis

28
Q

What is the blood supply to the lower ureter?

A

Branches of the internal illiac artery.

29
Q

Where are macula densa cells found?

A

The DCT and JGA

30
Q

What do macula densa cells do?

A

Help to regulate GFR by altering blood pressure. They detect the concentration of Na+ in the distal convoluted tubule.

31
Q

Where are mesangial cells located?

A

Glomerulus

32
Q

What do mesangial cells do?

A

Remove trapped residues and aggregated protein from the basement membrane thus keeping the filter free of debris.

33
Q

What do mesangial cells secrete?

A

Prostaglandins and cytokines

34
Q

Where are podocytes located?

A

The bowman’s capsule

35
Q

What do podocytes do?

A

The podocytes have filtration slits between them allowing substance to diffuse out of the blood into the filtrate.

36
Q

When does kidney development begin?

A

Week 3

37
Q

When do the kidneys become functional in the embryo?

A

3 months

38
Q

What are the three kindeys that form in the embryological development of the kidneys?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

39
Q

Describe the pronephros.

A

The first kidney to form, develops in week three. The pronephros has a pronephric duct which empties into the cloaca.

40
Q

What germ layer are the kidneys formed from?

A

The mesoderm

41
Q

Which of the three kidneys is functional in the adult?

A

Metanephros

42
Q

What happens to the pronephros after it is formed?

A

The pronephros begins to degenerate in week 4 and is gone by week 6.

43
Q

What replaces the pronephros?

A

The mesonephros

44
Q

Describe the mesonephros.

A

The mesonephros has a mesonephric duct developed from the pronephric duct.

45
Q

What happens to the mesonephros after it is formed?

A

The mesonephros begins to degenerate in the 6th week and is gone by the 8th week.

46
Q

Explain the formation of the metanephros.

A

The metanephros forms in the 5th week, developing from a uteric bud.

47
Q

What does the uteric bud form in the final kidney?

A

Collecting ducts, calyces, renal pelvis and ureter.

48
Q

What makes up the majority of the amniotic fluid around the fetus?

A

Fetal urine

49
Q

Explain what the cloaca forms.

A

The cloaca forms a urogenital sinus.

50
Q

What develops from the urogenital sinus?

A

Urinary bladder and urethra.

51
Q

Explain the ascension of the kidneys.

A

The kidneys form in the pelvis and then ascend into the abdomen. This leads to the kidneys having multiple blood vessels supplying them.

Urogenital 1 (12 decks)

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