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Reproduction > Female Physiology > Flashcards

Female Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average length of menstrual cycle

A

28 days

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2
Q

What is the effect of moderate to low oestrogen levels on the HPG axis

A

Negative feedback on the HPG axis

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3
Q

What is the effect of high levels of oestrogen on the HPG axis

A

Positive feedback on the HPG axis

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4
Q

What is the effect of oestrogen in the presence of progesterone on the HPG axis

A

Negative feedback

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5
Q

What is the effect of inhibin at the HPG axis

A

Negative feedback on FSH from anterior pituitary only

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6
Q

Where is GnRH released from

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

What does GnRH stimulate the release of from where

A

FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland

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8
Q

Where do FSH and LH primarily act on

A

Ovaries

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9
Q

What causes ovulation

A

Surge in LH

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10
Q

What day roughly does ovulation occur

A

Day 14

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11
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

In the uterine tubes

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12
Q

what does the follicles develop into after ovulation

A

Corpus luteum

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13
Q

what is the function of the corpus luteum

A

Produces oestrogen and progesterone to maintain the endometrium for fertilisation and implantation

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14
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum in the absence of fertilisation

A

It spontaneously regresses
And there is a sig. fall in hormones
No more hormones to maintain the endometrium
Internal lining sheds

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15
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisaiton does occur

A

The embryo produces bHCG exerting a luteal effect on the corpus luteum
Thus maintaining the corpus luteum
They reciprocally stimulate each other to keep producing hormones and maintaining the endometrium

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16
Q

What causes the surge in LH

A

Dominant follicle continuously producing oestrogen
Oestrogen levels eventually rise high enough
To exert positive feedback on the HPG axis
This is reflected in LH levels
Causing a surge in LH

17
Q

What happens at the start of the follicular phase

A

There is little ovarian hormone production and the follicles begins to develop independently

18
Q

What causes only one follicles to mature

A

As follicles mature oestrogen levels rise to moderate levels
This exerts negative feedback and FSH levels fall
This means only 1 follicles can survive (only enough FSH levels for one follicle)

19
Q

What do the other follicles that do not survive form

A

Polar bodies

20
Q

Which hormone dominates the follicular phase

A

Oestrogen

21
Q

Which hormone dominates the luteal phase

A

progesterone

22
Q

What marks the beginning of a new menstrual cycle

A

Menstruation

23
Q

How long does menstruation last

A

Typically between 2-7 days

24
Q

How much blood is lost in menstruation

A

10-80ml

25
Q

What are the female germ cells called

A

Oognium

26
Q

How does female gamete production differ from male gamete production

A

In females - all primary oocytes are produced by birth

In males mitosis of germ cells occurs throughout life

27
Q

how many primary oocytes are responsive in each menstrual cycle

A

A group of primary oocytes

28
Q

How many primary oocytes grows to complete meiosis I

A

only one

29
Q

what does meiosis I in a primary oocyte produce

A

Haploid secondary oocyte

And 1st polar body

30
Q

When does a secondary oocyte complete its second meiotic division

A

When it is fertilised by sperm

31
Q

what does Meiosis II of the secondary oocyte produce

A

Mature ovum

2nd polar body

32
Q

How many polar bodies in total are produced in Oogenesis

A

3
2 from meiosis I
1 from meiosis II

33
Q

What is the fate of the first polar body in Meiosis I

A

It splits again and forms 2 polar bodies

34
Q

What are systemic effects of oestrogen

A

Protein metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Blood clotting

Reproduction (14 decks)

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