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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the anterior border of the pelvic outlet

A

Inferior margin of pubic symphysis

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2
Q

What makes up the posterolateral border of the pelvic outlet

A

Sacrotuberous ligaments

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3
Q

What makes up the posterior border of the pelvic outlet

A

Tip of coccyx

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4
Q

Which part of the pelvis is termed the true pelvis

A

Below pelvic brim

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5
Q

Which part of the pelvis is termed the false pelvis

A

Above pelvic brim

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6
Q

Describe the subpubic angle in M vs F

A 
F = Obtuse >90 
M = acute <90
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7
Q

What type of the joint is the sacroiliac joint

A

Synovial plane

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8
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis

A

Secondary cartilaginous

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9
Q

Which muscle lines the lateral wall of the pelvis

A

Obturator internus

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10
Q

Which muscle lines the posterior wall of the pelvis?

A

Piriformis

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11
Q

Which nerve network lies anterior to the piriformis?

A

Sacral plexus

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12
Q

Name the levator ani muscles

A

Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus

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13
Q

Which muscle other than levator ani makes up the pelvic diaphragm

A

Coccygeus

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14
Q

what are the perineal and anococcygeal bodies?

A

Points where muscles of pelvic diaphragm meet

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15
Q

Give 2 functions of pelvic diaphragm/floor

A

support of pelvic and abdominal contents

Urinary and fecal continence

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16
Q

What is the innervation of the pelvic diaphragm/floor

A

Pudendal nerve

S2-4

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17
Q

What is a cystocele

A

When the rbladder bulges into the anterior vagina

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18
Q

What is a rectocele

A

When the rectum bulges into the posterior vaignal wall

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19
Q

Why might an episiotomy minimise long term damage

A

Prevent tearing of perineal body which struggles to heal

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20
Q

Why is a mediolateral episiotomy preferable to a midline episiotomy

A

Avoids the perineal body and anal sphincters

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21
Q

What might be palpated on a male PR examination

A

Prostate

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22
Q

What might be palpated in a female on PR examination

A

Tampon

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23
Q

Which organ does the superior and inferior vesical a. supply

A

bladder
seminal gland
prostate

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24
Q

What does the uterine artery supply

A

uterus

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25
Q

What does the gonadal a. supply?

A 
M= testes 
F = ovaries
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26
Q

What is the middle and inferior rectal a. a branch of?

A

Internal iliac artery

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27
Q

What does the vaginal a. supply?

A

Vagina

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28
Q

What is the vaginal a. a branch of?

A

Uterine artery

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29
Q

What is the uterine artery a branch of

A

Internal iliac a.

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30
Q

What does the obturator a. supply

A

Adductor thigh muscles

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31
Q

What is the obturator a. a branch of?

A

Internal iliac a.

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32
Q

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve originate from?

A

L1

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33
Q

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve enter the inguinal canal

A

Superficial inguinal ring

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34
Q

Where does the genitofemoral nerve originate from

A

L1-L2

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35
Q

Where does the genitofemoral nerve enter the inguinal canal

A

Deep inguinal ring

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36
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve supply

A

Skin at the root of the penis in M

And labia in F

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37
Q

Where does the pudendal nerve originate from

A

Sacral plexus

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38
Q

What is the internal pudendal a. a branch of?

A

Internal iliac a.

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39
Q

From which segmental levels does the pudendal nerve arise

A

S2-S4

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40
Q

Name some of the male reproductive organs

A 
Testis 
Vas deference 
Seminal glands 
Prostate 
Epididymis 
Bulbourethral glands
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41
Q

Which part of the rectum drains into the portal circulation

A

Upper 1/3

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42
Q

Which part of the rectum drains into the systemic circulation

A

Lower 2/3

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43
Q

Where does the vas deferens originate from?

A

Epididymis

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44
Q

Which structure does the vas deferens cross as it enters the pelvis?

A

External iliac vessels

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45
Q

Where does the vas deferens terminate?

A

Joining the duct of the seminal gland to form the ejaculatory duct

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46
Q

What is the prostate gland fused to inferior part of?

A

Bladder

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47
Q

What does the prostate gland surround?

A

The prostatic urethra

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48
Q

Why might an enlarge prostate cause retention of urine?

A

It can compress the urethra preventing the outflow or urine

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49
Q

Convoluted tubules sectioned in various planes
4-8 layers of cells
Spermatozoa in the lumen
Leydig cells in the interstitial spaces between tubules

Which histology?

A

Testis

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50
Q

Serous aveloi with infolding epithelium
Trabeculae of muscular stroma
Amorphous eosinophilic masses, called corpora amylacea, in the alveoli in older men
Which histology?

A

Prostate

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51
Q

No sperms in the lumen
Highly recessed and irregular lumen forming crypts and cavities giving a honey-combed appearences
Well developed muscular externa
Which histology?

A

Seminal Vesicle

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52
Q

Lumen Stellate in shape
A thick walled muscular tube
Epithelial lining and its supporting lamina propria are thrown into longitudinal folds
which histology??

A

Vas deferens

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53
Q

What are the main contents of the spermatic cord

A

Vas deferens
Arteries
Nerves

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54
Q

What is the tough outer fibrous layer of the testis called

A

Tunica albuginea

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55
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus?

A

Anteflexed

Anteverted

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56
Q

At any surgical management of miscarriage why might it be important to know prior to instrumentation of the uterine cavity whether the uterus is anteverted or retroverted?

A

To minimise risk of perforation of the uterus with insturmentation

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57
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

Accumulation of fluid arounds the testis

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58
Q

What is a haematocele?

A

Accumulation of blood around the testis

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59
Q

At which vertebral level does the testicular arteries arise from the AA

A

L1/L2

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60
Q

What is the drainage of the fundus and upper uterine body?

A

Pre-aortic group of lymph nodes

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61
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the cervix and upper vagina?

A

Internal iliac and sacral LN

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62
Q

Into which vein does the right testicular vein drain

A

Inferior vena cava

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63
Q

Into which vein does the left testicular vein drain

A

Left renal vein

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64
Q

When does the placenta separate from the uterine wall?

A

3rd stage labour

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65
Q

What structures are included in the male perineum?

A

1) External genitalia (urethra, scrotum and penis)
2) perineal muscles
3) Anal canal

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66
Q

What structures are included in the female perineum?

A

1) Female external genitalia 2) Perineal muscles

3) Anal canal

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67
Q

What is the innervation of external anal sphincter?

A

Branch of pudendal nerve/ inferior anal nerve

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68
Q

What is the main action of the external anal sphincter

A

Maintain fecal continence

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69
Q

Main action of external urethral sphincter

A

Compress urethra to maintain urinary continence

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70
Q

Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

71
Q

Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

72
Q

What can happen if the prostate in elderly men becomes enlarged

A 
Leads to BPH 
Can cause urinary symptoms of prostate symptoms 
E.g trouble initiating stream 
Poor flow 
Terminal dribbling 
Or urinary retention
73
Q

What are the fornices of the vagina?

A

Recesses formed between the margin of the cervix and the vaginal wall

74
Q

What are the 4 parts of the uterine tube

A

Isthmus
Ampulla
Infindibulum
Fimbriae

75
Q

Which ligament goes from the uterus to the ovary?

A

Ovarian ligament

76
Q

Which ligament goes from the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall

A

Broad ligament

77
Q

At which vertebral level do the gonadal arteries originate?

A

L2

78
Q

Into which vein does the left gonadal vein drain?

A

Left renal vein

79
Q

Into which vein does the right gonadal vein drain into?

A

Inferior vena cava

80
Q

List 4 functions of the placenta

A 
Gaseous exchange 
Secrete hormones that are essential for pregnancy (e.g HCG, oestrogen)
Supply nutrition 
Remove babies waste 
Supplies immunology
81
Q

What is the perineal body

A

Irregular fibromuscular mass
Located at junction of urogenital and anal triangles
Acts as a point of attachment for muscles fibres from the pelvic floor and perineum

82
Q

Which muscles converge towards the perineal body

A

Bulbospongiosus
Superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles
External anal sphincter

83
Q

what are the 3 parts of the male urethra

A

Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy

84
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the placenta?

A

Maternal

Fetal

85
Q

What is the major contentof the ischio-anal(rectal) fossae

A

Fat

86
Q

What is the widest part of the male urethra

A

Prostatic urethra

87
Q

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra

A

Membranous urethra

88
Q

Which 5 veins drain pelvic structures

A 
Internal iliac veins 
Superior rectal veins 
Medial sacral veins 
Gonadal veins 
Internal vertebral plexus
89
Q

What does the pudendal nerve innervate?

A

The skin and muscles of the perineum

90
Q

Describe the greater pelvis in a female

A

Shallow

91
Q

Describe the greater pelvis in a male

A

Deep

92
Q

Describe the lesser pelvis in a female

A

Wide and shallow

93
Q

Describe the lesser pelvis in a male

A

Narrow and deep

94
Q

Describe the pelvic inlet in a male

A

Heart shaped

95
Q

Describe the pelvic inlet in a female

A

Oval and round

96
Q

Describe the pelvic outlet in a male

A

Comparatively small

97
Q

Describe the pelvic outlet in a female

A

Comparatively large

98
Q

Describe the obturator foramen in a male

A

Round

99
Q

Describe the obturator foramen in a female

A

Oval

100
Q

Describe the acetabulum in a male

A

Large

101
Q

Describe the acetabulum in a male

A

Small

102
Q

What is the origin of the superior and inferior vesical arteries

A

Internal iliac artery

103
Q

What is the origin of the uterine artery

A

Internal iliac a.

104
Q

What is the origin of the gonadal arteries

A

Abdominal aorta

L2

105
Q

What is the origin of the superior rectal artery

A

Continuation of inferior mesenteric artery

106
Q

What does the middle and inferior rectal artery supply

A

Rectum

107
Q

What is the origin of the internal pudendal artery

A

Internal iliac artery

108
Q

Why might haemorrhoids be associated with cirrhosis of the liver

A

Cirrhosis
Leads to portal hypertension and back up of the system
If upper 1/3 drain into portal circulation backs up in the rectum as haemorrhoids

109
Q

With which venous plexus does the prostatic venous plexus communicate with on its posterior side?

A

Internal vertebral venous plexus

110
Q

What is the clinical significant of the prostatic venous plexus

A

Prostatic carcinoma commonly spreads via
internal vertebral venous plexus to vertebral bodies
Causing skeletal metastases

111
Q

What structures in the male are supplied by the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

A

Sensory: Anterior scrotum
Motor: Cremasteric muscle

112
Q

Why is injury to the pelvic floor common?

A

Due to it weak attachments

113
Q

After rectal surgery why are some men unable to ejaculate

A

Due to damage of sympathetic fibres

114
Q

Which sympathetic fibres supply the vas deferens seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymis in males?

A

Sympathetic fibres from L1,L2

Via hypogastris plexus

115
Q

Which sympathetic fibres supply the female genital tract?

A

Pelvic and ovarian plexuses

116
Q

Which parasympathetic fibres innervate erectile tissues in both male and female

A

Parasympathetic fibres from S2,3,4 via hypogastric plexus

117
Q

Which parasympathetic fibres supply the female genital tract?

A

Sympathetic fibres from pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2,3,4)

118
Q

What are the 2 layers of the tunica vaginalis

A

Visceral

Parietal

119
Q

What structures do the testicular arteries cross near the pelvic brim

A

Genitofemoral n.

Ureter

120
Q

What is the term used for the 8-12 anastomosing veins associated with the testis?

A

Pampiniform Plexus

121
Q

What is the function of testicular anastomosing veins?

A

To regulate temperature (when meeting arterial blood) to drain testes

122
Q

What is a varicocele

A

Varicose veins of the testis

Engorgement and dilatation of testicular veins

123
Q

What secretions are produced by the prostate

A

Proteolytic enzyme secretions

124
Q

What secretions are produced by the bulbourethral glands?

A

Contribute to final semen volume

Produce lubricating mucous secretion

125
Q

Which parasympathetic fibres supply the female genital tract?

A

Sympathetic fibres from pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2,3,4)

126
Q

What is the significance of testis hanging out with the body

A

Decreases temperature

which is optimum for sperm production

127
Q

What are the main contents of the spermatic cord

A

Bas deferens
Blood vessels
Genital branch of genito-femoral nerve

128
Q

Which 2 lymph nodes receive lymph from the testis?

A

Lumbar LN

Para-aortic LN

129
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the seminal vesicles

A

External and internal iliac LN

130
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?

A

Superficial inguinal LN

131
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the penis?

A

Skin -> superficial inguinal

Deep structures -> internal iliac

132
Q

Through which vaginal fornix can you access the rectouterine pouch/pouch of douglas?

A

Posterior fornix

133
Q

Apart from pelvic fascia what other structures in the pelvis is also an important support of the uterus

A

Pelvic diphragm

134
Q

Which part of the uterine tube is the longest and widest?

A

Ampulla

135
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the placenta?

A

Fetal

Maternal

136
Q

Lymph from the labia and the distal part of the vagina drain into which group of lymph nodes?

A

Superficial inguinal

137
Q

Which group of LN receives lymph from the ovary?

A

Para-aortic
Remember testes drains into para-aortic
Gonads - para-aortic

138
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the most part of uterine body?

A

External iliac

139
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the lower vagina?

A

Superficial inguinal

140
Q

From which ribs vertically do the breasts extend from and to?

A

2nd-6th

141
Q

Horizontally where do the breasts extend from and to?

A

Lateral border of sternum to mid-axillary line

142
Q

Which 3 muscles are the breasts related to on their deep surface?

A

Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
External oblique

143
Q

What is the function of umbilical arteries in the fetal circulation

A

Carried deoxygenated and nutrient depleted blood form the fetus to the placenta

144
Q

What is the function of umbilical veins in the fetal circulation

A

Carries oxygentated and nutrient rich blood from the placenta to the fetus

145
Q

Which umbilical vein persists after birth

A

Left umbilical vein

146
Q

A thin sheet of deep fascia stretches between right and left sides of the pubic arch, below the pubic symphysis.
What is the name given to this fascia?

A

Perineal membrane

147
Q

Which 2 lymph nodes receive lymph from the testis?

A

Lumbar LN

Para-aortic LN

148
Q

In females what does the ovarian artery descend within?

A

The suspensory ligaments to supply the ovaries via the broad ligament

149
Q

From which surface of the placenta does the umbilical cord attach to?

A

Fetal surface

150
Q

Innervation of external anal sphincter

A

Branch of pudendal

151
Q

Main action of external anal sphincter

A

Maintains fecal continence

152
Q

Innervation of bulbospongiosus

A

Perineal nerve

Branch of pudendal

153
Q

Action of bulbospongiosus

A

Males - removes residual urine from urethra, pulsatile emission of semen during ejaculation
Female: Constricts vaginal orifice, contributes to clitoral erection and contractions of orgasm

154
Q

Innervation of ischiocaveronsus

A

Perineal branch of pudendal nerve

155
Q

What is the function of ischiocavernosis

A

Maintains erection of clitoris or penis

156
Q

Innervation of superficial transverse perineal muscle

A

Perineal nerve branch of pudendal nerve

157
Q

Action of superficial and deep perineal muscles?

A

Fixation of perineal body

158
Q

Innervation of ischiocaveronsus

A

Perineal nerve branch of pudendal nerve

159
Q

Action of superficial and deep perineal muscles?

A

Fixation of perineal body

160
Q

Innervation of deep transverse perineal muscle

A

Pudendal nerve

161
Q

Innervation of external urethral sphincter

A

Inferior anal nerve

Branch of pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

162
Q

Action of external urethral sphincter

A

Compress urethra to maintain urinary continence

163
Q

what are the contents of the pudendal canal?

A

Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal a.
Internal pudendal v.

164
Q

Which nerve passes through the lesser sciatic formamen

A

Pudendal Nerve (S2-S4)

165
Q

what is the areola

A

Area of pigmentation around the nipple

166
Q

What is the round ligament a remnant of?

A

Embryonic gubernaculum

167
Q

What structures does the ovarian artery cross?

A

Ureter

168
Q

What is the significance of the ovarian artery crossing the ureter?

A

Can be damaged in surgery

Watch in hysterectomy

169
Q

What does the round ligament pass through?

A

The inguinal canal

170
Q

Where does the ovarian artery arise from?

A

Abdominal aorta

171
Q

At what level does the ovarian artery arise?

A

L2

172
Q

What makes up the covering of alock’s/pudendal canal

A

Fascia of obturator internus

173
Q

What makes up prostate histology

A

Glands

Stroma

174
Q

How many layers of peritoneum is the broad ligament?

A

Double layer of peritoneum

Reproduction (14 decks)

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