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Female Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway from the primordial follicle to the corpus luteum?

A

primordial follicle –> primary follicle –> formation of theca layers –> formation of antrum –> vesicular follicles –> mature follicle –> ovum with corona radiate –> corpus luteum

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2
Q

What follicle is the mature follicle that is ovulated?

A

Graafian follicle

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3
Q

What meotic phase is the primary follicle arrested in?

A

Prophase I

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4
Q

When the Graffian follicle is relased, what meotic phase it arrested in?

A

Prophase/metaphase II

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5
Q

What happens to the ovarian target cells under the stimulation of FSH and LH?

A

increase the cells rates of secretion and the growth/proliferation of the cells

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6
Q

On wha day of the ovarian cycle is there ovulation?

A

14th day

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7
Q

What is the main H that is secreted during the growth of the follicles?

A

Estrogen

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8
Q

What does estrogen do to FSH and LH levels?

A

Inhibits their release by a neg feedback on the ant pit

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9
Q

What are the 2 main H’s released by the corpus luteum?

A

Progestrone and Estrogen

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10
Q

What happens to FSH and LH levels once the corpus luteum degenerates?

A

they spike

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11
Q

At what day does the FSH and LH levels spike?

A

day 14 (Ovulation)

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12
Q

Which phase does progesterone dominate, where it has a large bell curve?

A

Luteal phase

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13
Q

Which H inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH, other than Estrogen?

A

Inhibin

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14
Q

Most of the time, E has negative feedback for LH and FSH, but what cahnges before ovulation?

A

It has a positive feedback –> preovulatory surge of LH –> ovulation

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15
Q

What H causes ↑ inhibitory effect of estrogen?

A

progesterone

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16
Q

What is the type of release of GnRH, is it constant or pulsatile?

A

Pulsatile

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17
Q

In what amounts is estrogen inhibitory to the production of LH and FSH?

A

Small

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18
Q

So high levels of estrogen do what on the ant pit?

A

Stimualtory

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19
Q

What are the effects of LH on the ovary?

A

Ovulation and subsequent development of and secretion by the corpus luteum

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20
Q

What happens to E, P and inhibin levels once the corpus luteum regresses into nothing?

A

They drop to a low ebb

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21
Q

Once they E, P, and I levels drop, what happens to FSH and levels?

A

They increase to as much as 2-fold.

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22
Q

The new rise of LH and FSH cause what to happen?

A

they initiate a new ovarian follicle to grow and progressive increase of estrogen to grow

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23
Q

During the ovarian phase, what stimulates the follicle to give rise to theca?

A

FSH

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24
Q

What theca forms additional P and E?

A

Theca interna

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25
What does the theca externa fomr?
capsule of the developing follicle
26
After early proliferative growth, the follicular fluid with high E causes what to appear within the mass of granulosa cells?
Antrum
27
Once the antral follicle grows, how many follicles (from the original 6-12) grows?
only 1 | prevents more than 1 child from developing
28
What H is required for the final follicular growth and ovulation?
LH
29
Which H maintains the endometrial lining?
Progesterone
30
What are the 2 ways that LH causes ovulation?
1. Theca externa release proteolytic enzymes from the lysosomes 2. follicle swelling from rapid growth f blood vessels into follicle wall
31
What is released by the theca cells after ovulation, which are eventually converted to E?
Androstenedione and T
32
What does the corpus luteum become 7-8 days after ovualtion?
it involutes to become corpus albicans
33
During the proliferative phase, what cells proliferate from the influence of E?
Stromal cells
34
After ovulation has occured, what H causes the prolfieration of endometrium? which one causes swelling and secretion?
E- prolifereation | P- swelling/secretion
35
What are the uterine tube fingers that grab the ovum?
Fimbrae
36
What does the ovum express after being ovulatedd?
Corona radiata | radiating crown
37
Which H stimulates the ciliae of the fimbrae to beat towards the opening of the fallopian tube?
E
38
Again, what does the seminal fluid contain to cause reverse peritalsis of the uterus/tubes to move sperm to the ampulla?
Prostaglandins
39
Which H helps contract the uterus during female orgasm to help sperm move along?
Oxytocin
40
Where in the tube does fertilization typically occur?
Ampulla
41
What do the sperm first bind to on the ovum?
Zona pellucida
42
What is the process called where sperm inhibitory factors are washed away, the acrosome weakens, and the sperm becomes more permeable to Ca++?
Capacitation
43
What 2 things does Ca++ do in the sperm once it enters?
1. flagella whip harder | 2. release of enzymes to penetrate the ovum (ZP)
44
What enzyme released from the acrosome depolymerizes the granulosa cells?
Hyaluronidase
45
What acrosome enzymes digests the ZP?
Proteolytic enzymes
46
This is the process where the release of cortical granules from teh egg prevents polyspermy (sounds like an underground porn title) so you cant have more than 1 sperm fuse to the egg?
Cortical rxn | metapod used Harden!
47
How long does it take to transport the fertilized ovum to the uterus?
3-5 days
48
Which H from the corpus luteum promotes relaxation of the tubes and allows the ovum to enter the uterus?
P
49
What type of cell cluster is implanted into the uterus?
Blastocyte
50
How many days after fertilization does implantation occur?
5-7 d
51
Implantation causes what cells to develop over the surface of the blastocyte, which secrete proteolytic enzymes to help implantation?
Trophoblast cells
52
What do the trophoblast cells proliferate and form for the embryo?
Placenta
53
What are the 4 H's produced by the placenta?
hCG, E, P and human chorionic somatomamotropin (hCS)
54
What H is hCG an analog of?
LH
55
What does hCG do to the corpus luteum at the end of a womans menstral cycle?
prevents involution of the corpus luteum
56
If the corpus luteum doesnt involute, what does it still produce?
E and P
57
The continued production E and P from the corpus luteum prevents what process to occur?
prevents menstation, and causes the endometrium to continue to grow and store large amts of nutrients.
58
True or False: Estrogen is made de novo in the placenta.
False they are formed from androgenic steroid compounds
59
The mother and fetus make what 2 hormones, which eventually teach the syncytial trophoblast to be converted to estrogens (estradiol, estrone, estriol)?
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) | 16-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16-hydroxy DHEA)
60
What H is secreted in moderate amounts at the beginning of pregnancy but then secreted later in tremendous amounts?
P
61
Which H stimulates uterine contractility and relaxes pelvic ligaments for an easier delivery?
E
62
Which H increase the intensity of uterine contractions, induces labor (E2), and decreases P (F2a)?
PG's
63
Which H increases uterine contraction near term?
Oxytocin
64
What 3 things cause an ↑ OXT response?
↑ R's ↑ secretion + feedback from cervical stretching
65
Which H relaxes the ligaments of the pubic symphysis in rats and gunea pigs?
Relaxin
66
What is the most common sacral somatic dysfunction post partum?
building ability power bruiser with no CDR
67
Which H produces enlargement of the breasts by ↑ fat in stroma and growth of the breast ductal structure?
E
68
Which H causes additional growth of breast lobules with budding alveoli and development of secretory characteristics in the cells of the alveoli?
P
69
What does E and P do to the production of milk before pregnancy?
Inhibit it
70
Which H has the opposite effect of E and P, which increases in pregnancy?
PRL
71
Why do babies have to suck for 30 mins before milk starts flowing?
Milk has to eb ejected from the alveoli to the ducts
72
Sucking on the nipples stimulates the anterior pit to release what H?
PRL
73
Which H causes contraction of myoepithelial cells in the breast after stimulation by suckling?
OXT
74
Most birth control pills have E and P, which ihibit what H's to spike in the menstrual cycle?
FSH and LH

Reproductive (6 decks)

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