Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Female Hormonal Control of Reproduction and Infertility > Flashcards

Female Hormonal Control of Reproduction and Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • menstruation
  • follicular phase
  • ovulatory phase
  • luteal phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how long is the menstruation phase meant to last?

A

4-5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how long is the follicular phase?

A

10-16 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how long is the ovulatory phase?

A

36 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how long is the luteal phase?

A

14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the menarche?

A

date of first period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is menopause?

A

date of last period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which menstrual regulating hormones does the hypothalamus release?

A
  • Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

- LHRH (luteinising hormone releasing hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which menstrual regulating hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

- Luteinising hormone (LH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which menstrual regulating hormones does the ovary release?

A

Oestradiol & Progesterone (steroids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens during puberty?

A
  • integration of biological signals
  • release of hormones
  • Breasts and uterus develop
  • Pubertal growth ‘spurt’
  • Emotional changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are most oocytes produced?

A

in utero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is ovulation a result of?

A

inter-relationships between

  • hypothalamus
  • anterior pituitary
  • Ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is the menstrual cycle regulated?

A
  • gonadotrophin releasing system

- ovarian hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the gonadotrophin releasing system responsible for?

A
  • hypothalamic control LHRH

- LH and FSH; pulsatile release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 2 main steroids produced by the ovaries?

A
  • oestrogens (oestradiol)

- progestogens (progesterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the oestrogen responsible for?

A
  • Endometrial proliferation
  • Secretion of clear (receptive) cervical mucus
  • Cause maturation of vaginal epithelium
  • Negative feedback on the hypothalamus / pituitary (follicular phase)
  • Positive feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary (ovulatory phase)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the effects of oestrogen on other systems?

A
  • Maintenance of bone mass (both sexes)
  • Effects on CNS (both sexes)
  • Effects on vasculature (both sexes)
  • Effects on lipid metabolism
  • Effects on fat distribution
  • Effects on blood clotting (thrombosis)
  • Promote insulin secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what secretes progesterone?

A

corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the effects of progesterone?

A
  • Causes body temperature to rise
  • Causes change to thick (non-receptive) cervical mucus secretion
  • Down regulates oestrogen receptors
  • Exerts a negative feedback control on the hypothalamus and pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does FSH act on?

A

acts on primary and secondary follicles

22
Q

what does FSH cause?

A

follicular growth

23
Q

what does FSH promote?

A

oestradiol secretion from follicles

24
Q

what causes negative feedback on FSH?

A

Oestradiol / inhibin causes negative feedback on FSH

25
Q

what initiates ovulation?

A

By day 12 oestradiol achieves threshold to switch to positive feedback

26
Q

what happens during the luteal phase?

A

Residual follicular cells luteinise – corpus luteum

27
Q

what happens during late luteal phase?

A

corpus luteum involutes (invaded by macrophages)

28
Q

what does corpus luteum secrete?

A

oestradiol and progesterone

29
Q

what happens to estradiol and progesterone levels after the late luteal phase?

A

Oestradiol and progesterone fall

30
Q

what happens if fertilisation occurs?

A
  • ovum implants
  • secretes hCG
  • hCG maintains corpus luteum - secretes estradiol and progesterone
  • pregnancy established
31
Q

what is precocious puberty?

A

starts before the age of 8 years

32
Q

what causes precocious puberty?

A
  • LH/FSH driven
    • brain tumour
    • idiopathic (Clock error!)
  • oestrogen driven
    • ovarian tumour
33
Q

what can cause delayed puberty?

A
  • ‘constitutional’ delay
  • hypothalamic disease
  • ovarian disease
  • pituitary disease
  • chronic illness
34
Q

what are some reasons for abnormal ovarian stimulation?

A
  • hypothalamic disease
  • pituitary disease
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome
35
Q

what are some reasons for abnormal ovarian suppression?

A
  • contraception

- endometriosis

36
Q

what can cause LHRH deficiency?

A
  • Anorexia /bulimia (critical weight!)
  • Stress, exams, bereavement, exercise
  • Chronic illness, thyroid, anaemia etc,
  • Brain tumours
  • Cranial irradiation
37
Q

what can be reasons that cause hypopituitarism?

A
  • Sheehan’s syndrome (postpartum haemorrhage)
  • Trauma
  • Autoimmune
  • Idiopathic
  • Haemochromatosis
  • Secondary tumours
38
Q

what are some diseases associated with pituitary tumours?

A
  • non-secreting
  • ACTH (Cushing’s)
  • Growth hormone (Acromegaly)
  • Prolactin (hyperprolactinaemia)
  • Secondary tumours
39
Q

what are the types of ovarian related disease?

A
  • Ovarian dysgenesis
  • LH/FSH receptor defects
  • Abdominal irradiation (cancer)
  • Premature menopause < 40 (autoimmune)
  • Menopause
40
Q

what are symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome?

A

Hirsutism, menstrual irregularity, infertility, acne

41
Q

what is the effect of polycystic ovary syndrome on the hormones?

A
  • high LH : LH/FSH ratio
  • Low - normal FSH
  • High androgens
42
Q

which gland secretes prolactin?

A

pituitary

43
Q

what happens if there are high levels of prolactin?

A
  • inhibits ovulation

- Cause irregular /absent menstruation

44
Q

where are prolactin receptors found?

A

in ovary

45
Q

what regulates prolactin?

A

Under negative control by hypothalamic dopamine

46
Q

what is hyperprolactinaemia associated with?

A

pituitary tumour

47
Q

what can correct hyperprolactinaemia?

A

dopamine agonists

e.g. bromocryptine, cabergoline (very effective)

48
Q

how is LHRH released?

A

Natural ‘pulsatile’ release

49
Q

what does pulsed administration of LHRH result in?

A

100ug 90 minutes

promotes LH/FSH release

50
Q

what does continuous administration of LHRH result in?

A
  • Down regulates pituitary LHRH receptors

- Blocks LH/FSH release

51
Q

how is hypothalamic amenorrhoea treated?

A
  • Treated with LHRH ‘pump’

- Also treated LH (hCG) FSH (recombinant)

Pathology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions