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Pathology > Cell Response to Injury: Morphological Changes 1 > Flashcards

Cell Response to Injury: Morphological Changes 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it important for cells to be dynamic?

A

Because they are exposed to constant change, so they need to be able to adapt to limited stress exposure

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2
Q

When is the change reversible?

A

When limit is not exceeded

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3
Q

When is the change irreversible?

A

When that limit has been exceeded

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4
Q

What happens when the change is outside the acceptable limit?

A

It leads to disease

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5
Q

What sort adaptations occur when cells are adapting to environmental change?

A

Physiological structural adaptations – change in normal pattern of growth and detectable structural changes

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6
Q

Why do reversible functional and structural responses occur?

A

To achieve a new altered steady state

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7
Q

How do cells adapt?

A
  • Increased cellular activity
  • Decreased cellular activity
  • Alteration of morphology
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8
Q

What do these adaptations result in?

A

A new altered state is achieved which better equips the cell to survive

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9
Q

What does cell injury result from?

A

Functional and biochemical abnormalities in one or more of several essential cellular components

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10
Q

What causes the varying susceptibility between cells sensitivity to injury?

A

Ability to survive ATP depletion - ATP loss causes failure of biosynthesis and membrane pumps

Ca2+ influx - Free calcium in the cytosol activates intracellular enzymes cause destruction

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) - Disturb normal cell function & damage cell components

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11
Q

What are the main targets of damaging stimuli (4)?

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell membranes
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Cellular DNA
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12
Q

what are the 2 types of cell damage?

A
  • sub-lethal injury

- lethal injury

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13
Q

what is sub-lethal injury?

A
  • If damage is minimal, cell recovers after removal of damaging stimulus / REVERSIBLE
  • Associated with reversible structural abnormalities
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14
Q

what are the characteristics of sub-lethal injury (3)?

A
  • Cell and organelle swelling
  • Blebbing of plasma membrane
  • Detachment of ribosomes
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15
Q

how are the features of sub-lethal injury seen?

A

can be recognised by a light microscope

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16
Q

what are the features of sub-lethal injury?

A

• Hydropic degeneration/cellular swelling
▫ Disruption of ionic fluid and fluid homeostasis
▫ Failure of energy dependent membrane pumps
• Fatty change
▫ Hypoxic, toxic or metabolic injury
▫ Manifested as lipid vacuoles in cells

17
Q

what causes hydropic degeneration?

A

the swelling of organelles which leads to cellular swelling

18
Q

what are the characteristics of hypdropic degeneration (3)?

A
  • Cytoplasm becomes pale
  • Formation of intracellular vacuoles
  • Called ‘cloudy swelling’
19
Q

what causes fatty change?

A

Accumulation of lipids in cells:
• Toxins
• Hypoxia
• Disease

20
Q

what are the characteristics of fatty change (5)?

A
  • Cells accumulate lipid in cytoplasmic vacuoles
  • Effects cells that have key role in FA metabolism
  • Affected organ is enlarged
  • Yellow in colour
  • Vacuoles can coalesce to form ‘fatty cysts’
21
Q

what is lethal injury?

A

• Caused by severe damaging stimulus or prolonged sub-lethal damage IRREVERSIBLE
• Cell death occurs by –
▫ Necrosis
▫ Apoptosis

22
Q

what determines the type of cell death?

A
  • Magnitude/type of injurious stimulus determines the type of cell death
  • Availability of cellular ATP after damage
23
Q

how can necrosis be described?

A

Denaturation of proteins and enzymatic digestion

24
Q

what are the characteristics of necrosis (5)?

A
  • Loss of plasma membrane integrity
  • Activation of lysosomal enzymes
  • Enzymatic digestion of cells by autolysis
  • Leakage of cellular constituents  inflammation
  • Necrosis of tissue has distinct patterns
25
Q

what is coagulative necrosis?

A
  • Dead tissue appears firm and pale

* Architecture and tissue outline are preserved

26
Q

what causes coagulative necrosis (3)?

A
  • Occlusion of arterial blood supply: kidney and heart
  • Proteins released from dead cells aid diagnosis
  • Cardiac muscle: cardiac troponin-T, creatine kinase
27
Q

what is liquefactive necrosis?

A
  • Dead tissue appears semi-liquid

* Result of dissolution of tissues due to hydrolytic enzymes

28
Q

what is the cause of liquefactive necrosis?

A

• Bacterial/fungal infections

▫ These attract neutrophils which release hydrolases and results in liquification

29
Q

when is liquefactive necrosis seen?

A

Commonly seen in the brain due to neurons having high lysosomal content and lacking extracellular structural proteins such as reticulin and collagen

30
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

Pathway of cell death induced tightly regulated suicide program

31
Q

what are the characteristics of apoptosis (5)?

A
  • Cells lose contact with neighbouring cells
  • Activation of enzymes degrades DNA and nuclear/cytoplasmic proteins
  • Cytoplasm shrinks, and apoptotic cells breaks into apoptotic bodies
  • Apoptotic bodies phagocytosed by neighbouring cells and macrophages
  • Cell contents don’t leak out
32
Q

when does apoptosis occur?

A

during development and adulthood

33
Q

what is the purpose of apoptosis?

A
  • Eliminates aged, unwanted cells or harmful cells

* Diseased/damaged cells

34
Q

what is the role of apoptosis in physiological situations (3)?

A
  • Programmed destruction/embryogenesis
  • Maintenance of steady cell numbers
  • Involution of hormone-dependent tissue after hormone withdrawal
35
Q

what is the role of apoptosis in pathological conditions (5)?

A

• Removes cells injured beyond repair
• Limits collateral tissue damage
• DNA damage – due to radiation, drugs, hypoxia
▫ Directly or via production of free radicals
• Accumulation of misfolded proteins
▫ Leads to ER stress which results in apoptosis
• Infection
▫ Loss of infected cells due to apoptosis may be induced by the virus

Pathology (17 decks)

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