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Pathology > Acute inflammation 1 > Flashcards

Acute inflammation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is inflammation?

A

first response of living tissue to injury

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2
Q

what are some causes of injury?

A
  • Physical agents
  • Chemicals
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Viral replication
  • Microbial infection
  • Necrosis
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3
Q

what are the physical characteristics of inflammation?

A
  • Rubor (red)
  • Tumor (swollen)
  • Dolor (pain)
  • Calor (heat)
  • Loss of function
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4
Q

what is the suffix that indicates inflammation?

A

-itis

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5
Q

what causes appendicitis?

A

Waste fragment or infection

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6
Q

what are the symptoms of appendicitis?

A

Severe pain, loss of appetite, nausea

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7
Q

what is pericarditis?

A

Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

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8
Q

what causes pericarditis?

A

Caused by infection, chest injury, radio/chemotherapy

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9
Q

what is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of protective membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

what are the symptoms of meningitis?

A 
Fever, vomiting, headache, rash, stiff neck, aversion to light
Within 8 hours:
•	Cold hands/feet
•	Leg pain
•	Unusually pale, mottled skin
13-22 hours:
•	Purple rash
•	Light sensitivity
•	Headache, Fever
•	Stiff neck
•	Drowsiness, coma
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11
Q

what happens if appendicitis is left untreated?

A

It can progress to peritonitis

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12
Q

What can meningitis lead to if left untreated?

A

Septicaemia, neurological problems, amputations and death

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13
Q

How is viral meningitis treated?

A

Painkillers, anti-sickness tablets

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14
Q

How is bacterial meningitis treated?

A

IV antibiotics

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15
Q

what happens during acute exudative inflammation?

A

escape of blood constituents into tissue, usually hours/days (can be longer)

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16
Q

what happens during chronic formative inflammation?

A

production of new fibrous tissue, prolonged tissue injury - weeks/months (can be shorter)

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17
Q

what are some problems with inflammation?

A
  • severe allergy
  • colitis/crohns disease
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • Neurodegeneration
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18
Q

what is severe allergy?

A

Allergy/anaphylaxis involving 2 or more body symptoms

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19
Q

what can cause severe allergy?

A

Hypersensitivity (pollen, peanuts, dogs)

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20
Q

what are the symptoms of severe allergy?

A

Acute inflammatory swelling of the airway, mucosal membranes, hives

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21
Q

how can severe allergies be treated?

A

Antihistamines, corticosteroids, adrenalin (anaphylaxasis)

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22
Q

what is colitis?

A

Inflammatory bowel disorder

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23
Q

what can cause colitis/Crohn’s disease?

A

Genetic, immune reactions to gut bacteria, environment

24
Q

what are the symptoms of colitis/Crohn’s?

A

Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, tiredness

25
Q

how can colitis/Crohn’s be treated?

A

Anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, immune-suppressants, surgery

26
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Chronic progressive inflammation in joints leading to painful deformity and immobility in extremities

27
Q

what causes rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoimmune – body’s own immune system attacks tissue leading to inflammation

28
Q

what are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Painful, swollen and stiff joints, fatigue

29
Q

how can rheumatoid arthritis be treated?

A

Painkillers, steroids, anti-TNF therapy

30
Q

what is neurodegeneration?

A

Neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease (amongst others)

31
Q

what are the symptoms of neurodegeneration?

A

AD – 7% > 65yo
Memory, cognition, behaviour
Plaques (APP), tangles (tau)

PD – 2% > 60yo
Movement, cognition, sleep
Lewy bodies (α-synuclein)

Changes in the activity of microglia

32
Q

what are the pros of inflammation?

A
  • Clears invading toxins
  • Promotes healing
  • Self-preservation
33
Q

what are the cons of inflammation?

A
  • Can become chronic

* Can lead to disease

34
Q

what are the features of inflammation?

A
  • fever
  • lack of energy
  • weakness
35
Q

what is IL-1?

A

An endogenous pyrogen

36
Q

where is IL-1 secreted from?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages
37
Q

what is the function of IL-1?

A
  • Acts on CNS thermoregulatory centre to increase temperature
  • Acts on vascular system to increase dilation, more permeable
38
Q

what are the phases of acute inflammation?

A

vasodilation

vascular permeability

emigration

chemotaxis

39
Q

where does vasodilation occur?

A

mainly arterioles, venues and capillaries of microcirculation

40
Q

what are the 3 stages in which blood flow changes?

A

constriction - reduced blood flow; tissue blanching

relaxation - increased blood flow; engorged capillary network

return to normal - blood flow slows back down; fluid loss and cell adhesion

41
Q

what happens during vascular permeability?

A

Vessel wall becomes more permeable to fluids and proteins

42
Q

what can vascular permeability lead to?

A

inflammatory oedema

43
Q

what can inflammatory oedema lead to?

A
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Relative immobility – loss of function
44
Q

what is the exudate function of vascular permeability?

A

tissue repair

barrier

antibodies complement cascade

transportation

diluent

sustenance

45
Q

what is the exudate like in mild inflammation?

A

watery (low protein) e.g. serous blisters

46
Q

what is the exudate like in severe inflammation?

A

protein-rich e.g. lobar pneumonia

47
Q

what happens in stage one of emigration of white blood cells?

A
  • Drop out of main flow to the endothelial layer – margination
  • Adherence to endothelium – pavem enting – cell adhesion proteins
48
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the emigration of WBCs?

A
  • Actively cross blood vessel wall – pseudopodia

* Flow through in amoeboid manner, pass basement membrane into tissues

49
Q

what are example chemotactics for a neutrophil?

A
  • leukotrienes e.g LTB4
  • cytokines - IL-8
  • complement system e.g. C5a
  • collagen fibre fragments
  • bacterial products e.g. LPS
  • fibrinolytic system e.g. PAF
50
Q

which white blood cell has faster migration, neutrophils or monocytes?

A

neutrophils

51
Q

what are the functions of neutrophils in acute inflammation?

A
  • bacterial phagocytosis
  • lysosomal degradation
  • cytokine production - attract further neutrophils/monocytes; IL-1 to increase temperature
52
Q

when may eosinophils be involved instead of neutrophils?

A
  • helminth
  • hypersensitivity reactions e.g. hay fever
  • enzymatic degradation of inflammatory mediators
53
Q

what are the functions of macrophages in acute inflammation?

A

late arrival
phagocytosis - red blood cells, debris, bacteria
digest fibrin - inflammation resolution

54
Q

What are chemical mediators of inflammation?

A

Substances which signal injury has occurred to blood vessels and cells

55
Q

What are the properties of chemical mediators?

A
  • Rapidly inactivated (enzymes)
  • Direct, indirect or chemotactic
  • Released/activated locally
  • Widespread
  • Linked interactions (amplification, +ve feedback, rapid response)
56
Q

What are microglia?

A

Macrophages of the brain – they are the only immune cells in the brain

Pathology (17 decks)

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