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Pathology > Cell Response to Injury: Morphological Changes in tissue > Flashcards

Cell Response to Injury: Morphological Changes in tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are the division ability of labile cells?

A

continuous

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2
Q

what are examples of labile cells?

A

squamous epithelial cells

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3
Q

what is the division ability of stable cells?

A

facultative

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4
Q

what is meant by facultative division ability?

A

they can divide if needed e.g. for repair

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5
Q

what are examples of facultative cells?

A

liver cells

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6
Q

what is the division ability of permanent cells?

A

they cannot divide

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7
Q

what are examples of permanent cells?

A

neuronal

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8
Q

how do cells adapt to pathological stimuli?

A

They alter their pattern of growth – changes in size, number of differentiation of cells

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9
Q

how do cells respond to an increased functional demand?

A
  • Increase in cell number – hyperplasia

* Increase in cell size – hypertrophy

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10
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

Increased cell number due to increased cell division

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11
Q

which cells is hyperplasia not seen in?

A
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Nerve cells
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12
Q

what are the 2 types of hyperplasia?

A
  • physiological

- pathological

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13
Q

what are examples of physiological hyperplasia (4)?

A
  • bone marrow hyperplasia
  • glandular epithelium hyperplasia
  • puberty and pregnancy
  • hyperplasia of endometrium
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14
Q

what causes bone marrow hyperplasia?

A

increased functional demand e.g. increased production of RBC with high altitude

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15
Q

when does glandular epithelium hyperplasia occur?

A

during menstrual cycle in endometrial glands in response to endocrine stimulation

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16
Q

what hyperplasia occurs during puberty and pregnancy?

A
  • Hyperplasia in female breast epithelial cells and myometrial smooth muscle cells
  • Accompanied by hypertrophy
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17
Q

when does hyperplasia of the endometrium occur?

A

in response to oestrogen:
▫ Increase in number of cells in each gland
▫ Results in an increased volume fraction gland – stroma

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18
Q

what is compensatory hyperplasia?

A

the proliferation of cells while they maintain their differentiated structure and function.

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19
Q

what are examples of where compensatory hyperplasia occurs?

A

liver and kidney

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20
Q

what is the compensatory hyperplasia of the liver?

A
  • Lobe donation for transplantation

* Remaining cells proliferate to normal sized organ

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21
Q

what is the compensatory hyperplasia of the kidney?

A
  • Removal/loss of function
  • Healthy kidney: increase in size and weight
  • Enlargement of structures
  • Accompanies by hypertrophy
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22
Q

how does the liver regenerate itself?

A

Due to production of various growth factors:
• Transforming growth factor-a
• Hepatocyte growth factor
• Interleukin-6

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23
Q

how does the liver know when to stop regenerating?

A

Through a production of various growth inhibitors
• Transforming growth factor-β
• Interleukin-1

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24
Q

what causes pathological hyperplasia?

A

Excess of hormones or growth factors

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25
Q

what are some examples of pathological hyperplasia?

A
  • Thyroid hyperplasia (Grave’s disease)

- Benign prostatic hyperplasia

26
Q

what happens during thyroid hyperplasia (5)?

A
  • increased secretion TSH stimulation of thyroid gland or
  • Auto-Abs against thyroid follicle
  • increased levels of T3/T4 hormones
  • Thyroid and thyroid follicles show fleshy enlargement
  • Edges of colloid appear scalloped, contains thyroglobulin
27
Q

what causes benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • Induced in response to hormones – androgens
  • Caused by local increase in growth factors/ growth factor receptors
  • Or by up-regulation of cell-signalling systems
28
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

An increase in cell/tissue size as a result of an increase in cell size

29
Q

what does hypertrophy result in?

A

Increased functional capacity

30
Q

how does cell enlargement occur?

A
  • Increased synthesis of structural components

* Increased synthesis of RNA and organelles required for protein synthesis

31
Q

where is hypertrophy seen?

A

In permanent cells – the cells that are unable to divide

32
Q

what are some causes of hypertrophy?

A
  • Increased functional demands on tissues

* Stimulation by hormones/growth factors

33
Q

what are examples of physiological hypertrophy?

A
  • skeletal muscle hypertrophy

- smooth muscle hypertrophy

34
Q

when can skeletal muscle hypertrophy occur?

A

seen in athletes

35
Q

what happens during skeletal muscle hypertrophy?

A
  • Increase in length and width of muscle fibres
  • It occurs as a result of increased work load and metabolic demands on the tissue
  • The increase is in proportion to strength of stimulus
36
Q

when is smooth muscle hypertrophy seen?

A

during pregnancy

37
Q

what happens during smooth muscle hypertrophy?

A
  • Hormone induced hypertrophy
  • Occurs due to oestrogenic hormones which bind to oestrogen receptors
  • Results in an increase in the synthesis of smooth muscle proteins and an increase in the size
38
Q

how does increased cell size occur?

A 
It is induced by the linked actions of mechanical sensors and growth factors 
•	Transforming growth factor - β
•	Insulin like growth factor - 1
•	Fibroblast growth factor
And vasoactive agents 
•	Endothelin-1 
•	Angiotensin-II
39
Q

what is an example of pathological hypertrophy?

A

cardiac muscle hypertrophy

40
Q

what causes cardiac muscle hyperplasia?

A

Caused by chronic haemodynamic overload – hypertension or faulty valves

41
Q

what does cardiac muscle hypertrophy result in?

A
  • Increase in synthesis of proteins and increased size of myofilaments
  • Increased amount of force each myocyte generates which leads to increased strength and work capacity
42
Q

what is atrophy?

A

a decrease in organ size/tissue by decrease in cell size and/or number, it is an adaptive response to a decreased requirement.

43
Q

what is atrophy associated with?

A

A decrease in cell metabolism and a decrease in the synthesis of structural proteins

44
Q

how do different cell types respond in terms of atrophy?

A
  • Permanent cells – decrease in size alone

* Other cells – decrease in size and number

45
Q

what can cause physiological atrophy?

A

Loss of endocrine stimulation

46
Q

what is an example of physiological atrophy?

A

Loss of oestrogen stimulation after menopause

47
Q

what does the loss of oestrogen stimulation lead to?

A

Atrophy of the endometrium, vaginal and breast epithelium

48
Q

what can cause pathological atrophy?

A

Decreased workload – atrophy of disuse

49
Q

what is an example of a cause of pathological atrophy?

A

Immobilisation of fractured bone which leads to skeletal muscle atrophy

50
Q

what do atrophic muscle cells contain?

A
  • Decreased mitochondria
  • Decreased myofilaments
  • Decreased rough endoplasmic reticulum
51
Q

is pathological muscle atrophy reversible?

A

The initial decrease in size is reversible

52
Q

what is denervation atrophy?

A

it is when damage to nerve fibres that supply the muscle leads to atrophy, as metabolism and function of skeletal muscle depends on nerve supply

53
Q

what are the consequences of atrophy?

A
  • Decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in protein degradation
  • Autophagy of structural elements
54
Q

what is lipofusion accumulation?

A
  • Brown pigment
  • Degradation products
  • Myocardial fibres of elderly
55
Q

what can cause decreased cell mass?

A

agenesis

hypoplasia

56
Q

what is agenesis?

A

Absence of tissue/organ – failure of development

57
Q

what is an example of agenesis?

A

Renal agenesis

58
Q

what is hypoplasia?

A

Failure in development of normal size organ

59
Q

where can hypoplasia occur?

A

lung, kidney and bone marrow

60
Q

what is aplasia?

A
  • Haematological condition: aplastic anaemia – severe hypofunction of bone marrow
  • This leads to failure/suppression of stem cells
61
Q

what is pancytopenia?

A

a decrease in all blood cell types - due to bone marrow being replaced by fat

Pathology (17 decks)

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