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Cell Response to Injury: Morphological Changes in tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are the division ability of labile cells?

A

continuous

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2
Q

what are examples of labile cells?

A

squamous epithelial cells

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3
Q

what is the division ability of stable cells?

A

facultative

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4
Q

what is meant by facultative division ability?

A

they can divide if needed e.g. for repair

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5
Q

what are examples of facultative cells?

A

liver cells

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6
Q

what is the division ability of permanent cells?

A

they cannot divide

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7
Q

what are examples of permanent cells?

A

neuronal

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8
Q

how do cells adapt to pathological stimuli?

A

They alter their pattern of growth – changes in size, number of differentiation of cells

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9
Q

how do cells respond to an increased functional demand?

A
  • Increase in cell number – hyperplasia

* Increase in cell size – hypertrophy

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10
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

Increased cell number due to increased cell division

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11
Q

which cells is hyperplasia not seen in?

A
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Nerve cells
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12
Q

what are the 2 types of hyperplasia?

A
  • physiological

- pathological

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13
Q

what are examples of physiological hyperplasia (4)?

A
  • bone marrow hyperplasia
  • glandular epithelium hyperplasia
  • puberty and pregnancy
  • hyperplasia of endometrium
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14
Q

what causes bone marrow hyperplasia?

A

increased functional demand e.g. increased production of RBC with high altitude

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15
Q

when does glandular epithelium hyperplasia occur?

A

during menstrual cycle in endometrial glands in response to endocrine stimulation

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16
Q

what hyperplasia occurs during puberty and pregnancy?

A
  • Hyperplasia in female breast epithelial cells and myometrial smooth muscle cells
  • Accompanied by hypertrophy
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17
Q

when does hyperplasia of the endometrium occur?

A

in response to oestrogen:
▫ Increase in number of cells in each gland
▫ Results in an increased volume fraction gland – stroma

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18
Q

what is compensatory hyperplasia?

A

the proliferation of cells while they maintain their differentiated structure and function.

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19
Q

what are examples of where compensatory hyperplasia occurs?

A

liver and kidney

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20
Q

what is the compensatory hyperplasia of the liver?

A
  • Lobe donation for transplantation

* Remaining cells proliferate to normal sized organ

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21
Q

what is the compensatory hyperplasia of the kidney?

A
  • Removal/loss of function
  • Healthy kidney: increase in size and weight
  • Enlargement of structures
  • Accompanies by hypertrophy
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22
Q

how does the liver regenerate itself?

A

Due to production of various growth factors:
• Transforming growth factor-a
• Hepatocyte growth factor
• Interleukin-6

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23
Q

how does the liver know when to stop regenerating?

A

Through a production of various growth inhibitors
• Transforming growth factor-β
• Interleukin-1

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24
Q

what causes pathological hyperplasia?

A

Excess of hormones or growth factors

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25
what are some examples of pathological hyperplasia?
- Thyroid hyperplasia (Grave's disease) | - Benign prostatic hyperplasia
26
what happens during thyroid hyperplasia (5)?
* increased secretion TSH stimulation of thyroid gland or * Auto-Abs against thyroid follicle * increased levels of T3/T4 hormones * Thyroid and thyroid follicles show fleshy enlargement * Edges of colloid appear scalloped, contains thyroglobulin
27
what causes benign prostatic hyperplasia?
* Induced in response to hormones – androgens * Caused by local increase in growth factors/ growth factor receptors * Or by up-regulation of cell-signalling systems
28
what is hypertrophy?
An increase in cell/tissue size as a result of an increase in cell size
29
what does hypertrophy result in?
Increased functional capacity
30
how does cell enlargement occur?
* Increased synthesis of structural components | * Increased synthesis of RNA and organelles required for protein synthesis
31
where is hypertrophy seen?
In permanent cells – the cells that are unable to divide
32
what are some causes of hypertrophy?
* Increased functional demands on tissues | * Stimulation by hormones/growth factors
33
what are examples of physiological hypertrophy?
- skeletal muscle hypertrophy | - smooth muscle hypertrophy
34
when can skeletal muscle hypertrophy occur?
seen in athletes
35
what happens during skeletal muscle hypertrophy?
* Increase in length and width of muscle fibres * It occurs as a result of increased work load and metabolic demands on the tissue * The increase is in proportion to strength of stimulus
36
when is smooth muscle hypertrophy seen?
during pregnancy
37
what happens during smooth muscle hypertrophy?
* Hormone induced hypertrophy * Occurs due to oestrogenic hormones which bind to oestrogen receptors * Results in an increase in the synthesis of smooth muscle proteins and an increase in the size
38
how does increased cell size occur?
``` It is induced by the linked actions of mechanical sensors and growth factors • Transforming growth factor - β • Insulin like growth factor - 1 • Fibroblast growth factor And vasoactive agents • Endothelin-1 • Angiotensin-II ```
39
what is an example of pathological hypertrophy?
cardiac muscle hypertrophy
40
what causes cardiac muscle hyperplasia?
Caused by chronic haemodynamic overload – hypertension or faulty valves
41
what does cardiac muscle hypertrophy result in?
* Increase in synthesis of proteins and increased size of myofilaments * Increased amount of force each myocyte generates which leads to increased strength and work capacity
42
what is atrophy?
a decrease in organ size/tissue by decrease in cell size and/or number, it is an adaptive response to a decreased requirement.
43
what is atrophy associated with?
A decrease in cell metabolism and a decrease in the synthesis of structural proteins
44
how do different cell types respond in terms of atrophy?
* Permanent cells – decrease in size alone | * Other cells – decrease in size and number
45
what can cause physiological atrophy?
Loss of endocrine stimulation
46
what is an example of physiological atrophy?
Loss of oestrogen stimulation after menopause
47
what does the loss of oestrogen stimulation lead to?
Atrophy of the endometrium, vaginal and breast epithelium
48
what can cause pathological atrophy?
Decreased workload – atrophy of disuse
49
what is an example of a cause of pathological atrophy?
Immobilisation of fractured bone which leads to skeletal muscle atrophy
50
what do atrophic muscle cells contain?
* Decreased mitochondria * Decreased myofilaments * Decreased rough endoplasmic reticulum
51
is pathological muscle atrophy reversible?
The initial decrease in size is reversible
52
what is denervation atrophy?
it is when damage to nerve fibres that supply the muscle leads to atrophy, as metabolism and function of skeletal muscle depends on nerve supply
53
what are the consequences of atrophy?
* Decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in protein degradation * Autophagy of structural elements
54
what is lipofusion accumulation?
* Brown pigment * Degradation products * Myocardial fibres of elderly
55
what can cause decreased cell mass?
agenesis hypoplasia
56
what is agenesis?
Absence of tissue/organ – failure of development
57
what is an example of agenesis?
Renal agenesis
58
what is hypoplasia?
Failure in development of normal size organ
59
where can hypoplasia occur?
lung, kidney and bone marrow
60
what is aplasia?
* Haematological condition: aplastic anaemia – severe hypofunction of bone marrow * This leads to failure/suppression of stem cells
61
what is pancytopenia?
a decrease in all blood cell types - due to bone marrow being replaced by fat

Pathology (17 decks)

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