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Endo/Repro Exam 2 > Female Histo > Flashcards

Female Histo Flashcards

1
Q

What is oogenesis?

A
  • The development of an ovum that begins in a female fetus.
  • Primary oocytes in primordial follicles will arrest at prophase I and be inactive during childhood.
  • At puberty, a handful of primordial follicles will develop each month.
  • One of these will make a secondary. oocyte.
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2
Q

What is the menstrual cycle? and components

A

2 co-existing cyles: ovarian cycle and uterine cycle

  • Ovarian cycle-> several ovarian follicles, which have a primary. oocyte, undergo folliculogenesis to prepare for ovulaion.
  • Uterine cycle- endometrium prepares for implantation. If fertilization does not occur, endometrium is shed, menstruation starts and new cycle occurs.
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3
Q

What is the fx of the ovary?

A

1. Make F gametes

2. Secrete estrogen and progesterone

3. Regulate post-natal growth of reproductive organs

4. make secondary sex characteristics

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

ovaries have two main supporting mesentaries, what are they?

A
  1. Mesovarium
  2. Mesoalpinx
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6
Q

Describe the epithelium of ovaries

A
  1. OSE (ovarian surface epithelium): simple cuboidal-to-squamous epithlium) with tunica albuginea (dense CT) located at the periphery.

OSE -> will make granulosa cells and stromal cells that make up the growing follicle afer birth.

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7
Q

What. is located at the CTX of a. ovary?

A
  1. CT
  2. Follicles with primary. oocytes( at. the end of prophase I)
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8
Q

What iS located in the medulla of a ovary?

A
  1. CT
  2. Interstitial cells
  3. Neurovasculature
  4. Lymphatics in the hlum
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9
Q

What are the phases of folliculgenesis

A
  1. Follicular phase: changes the size of the follicle, morphology of the follicular cells and granulosa cells)
  2. Ovulatory phase
  3. Luteal phase
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10
Q

Follicles are located in _________ and contain a __________, which is surrounded by what?

A

follicles are located in a CORTICAL STROMA and contain a oocyte, which is surrounded by follicular/granulosa cells that will support its growth.

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11
Q

Early stages of oogensis occur when?

Oocytes that we have at. birth are ______.

A

Fetal life

ARRESTED IN MEIOSIS I.

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12
Q

When do our follicles start to undergo cyclic growth and maturation?

A

puberty

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13
Q

Do we have different stages and structures of oogonia that occur simultaneously?

A

No. all stages and structures appear at. different times

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14
Q

identify.

primordial follicle

primary follicle

secondary or antral follicle

Mature, preovulatory. or. graffian folicle

corpus leutum

corpus albicans

A
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15
Q

What are:

Primary oocyte:

Follicular cells:

Granulosa cells:

A

• Primary oocyte: cells that have begun 1st meiotic division, arrested at prophase I

Follicular cells: single layer of cells that surround a primordial follicle, associated with a basement membrane

Granulosa cells: follicular cells that proliferate & become stratified. They. will eventuall. become: 1) cumulus oophorous, 2) mural granulosa cells, & 3) corona radiata

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16
Q

What are:

Zona pellucida:

Secondary oocyte

A
  1. Zona pellicuida coat of glycoproteins that over primary oocyte, involved w/sperm recognition (ZP 1-4)
  2. Secondary oocyte- cells that complete meosis I d.t LH stimulation) -> enter meiosis II but arrest at metaphase II
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17
Q

Describe:

Primordial follicles -> _____ follicles

A

Primordial follicles -> primary follicles

  1. Primordial follicles are located throughout the CTX, have a primary. oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous follicular cells.
  2. Primordial follicles -> primary follicles when a single layer of squamous granulosa cells become simple cuboidal layer of granulosa cells.
    1. Cuboidal layer will develop a basal lamina that separates the granulosa cell from stroma of the ovary.
    2. Zone pellucida begins to be made and separated the primary. oocyte from granulosa cell.
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18
Q

Histologically, how can we tell the difference between a. primordial follicle -> primary follicle

A

Primary follicle will have a definite ring around oocyte

you will start to see a single layer of granulosa cells

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

When do we progress. into the. LATE PRIMARY FOLLICLE stage?

Histologically

A

Cuboidal granula cell -> stratified cuboidal.

Histologically, the Basement membrane is the boundary of the follicle and you will have multiple layers of granulosa cells.

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21
Q

Primary follicles -> secondary follicles (4)

A
  1. Single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells -> stratified cuboidal epithelium
  2. Theca cells begin to be made on the basal lamina (facing outwards of cell):
  • -Theca interna, vascularized cell layer that makes adrostenedoine -> estradoil develop on basal lamina.
  • -Theca externa: fibrous cellular layer that is continous with stroma
  1. Small intracellular spaces (Call-Exner bodies) develop among granulosa cells and have follicular fluid made from BV of theca interna that goes to the antrum.
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22
Q

Secondary. follicle -> mature graffian follicle

A
  1. Antrum has filled with follicular fluid and reached maximum size.
  2. Fluid causes differentiation of granulosa cells into:
  • A. Cumulos oophorous
  • B. Mural granulosa cells
  • C. Corona radiata
  1. Theca interna are well-vascularized and elonated with fat
  2. Theca externa formed a CT, capsule that is continous with stroma
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23
Q

Describe what occurs in the ovulatory phase

A
    1. Mature preovulatory follicle protrudes from surface of ovary and makes a stigma
    1. Proteolytic activity of theca externa and tunica albuginea cause rupture.
    1. Gamete released completes meiosis I -> becomes a secondary oocyte d/t LH surge, but arrestes at meosis II metaphase.
    1. Enters oviduct
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24
Q

What are:

  1. Cumulus oophorus
  2. Mural granulosa cells
  3. Corona radiata
A
    1. Cumulus oophorus -> anchior primary oocyte to follicle and deliver nutrients.
    1. Mural granulosa cells: line wall of follicle, make and secrete estrogen and make follicular fluid
    1. coronoa radiate cells: achored to zona pellucida
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25
Q

What repairs the OSE damage after the follcile ruptures?

A
  1. Mural granulosa cells
  2. theca interna
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26
Q

What occurs during luteal phase?

A
    1. Residual mural granulosa cells -> corpus luteum
    1. Basal lamina breaks down
    1. BV from the theca interna -> antrum -> increase BF to antral space and forms corpus hemorrhagicum.
    1. . Mural granulosa cells -> granulosa lutein cells
  • 5.. Theca interna cells -> theca lutein cells.
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27
Q

__________ promotes endometrial changes that support implantation

A

corpus luteum

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28
Q

Granulosa lutein cells action

A
  1. Hypertrophic and steroid secreting appearing that will secrete progestrone and estrogen when stimulated by FSH and LH.
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29
Q

Granulosa lutein cells have _________, a ESSENTIAL step for luteinzation

A

LH RECEPTORS

30
Q

Theca lutein cells axn

A

Stimulated by LH -> make androstenedoine and progesterone

31
Q

What happens in luteal phase if fertization occurs

A
  1. CL gets bigger, makes progesterone and estrogen d/t hCG being made from trophoblastic layer.
32
Q

What happens in luteal phase if fertization DOES NOT occur

A

LUTEOLYSIS:

  1. CL undergoes involution and luteolysis 14 days after ovulation -> forms corpus albicans
  2. Stromal CT replace degenerating cells
33
Q

What is corpus albican

A

Scar CT(mostly collagen I and fibroblasts) formed from CL at the site of CL if fertilization does not occur. Gets smaller

34
Q

Involution of the corpus luteum does not/ does involve atresia

A

DOES NOT

35
Q

Follicular phase

    1. ____ stimulates the maturation of several primordial follicles
    1. _________ cells proliferate and secrete estrogen d/t binding of FSH.
  • 3_________ cells aquire ___ receptors, AS THE INITIAL STEP TOWARD LUTEINZATION.
  • What also happens in this step?
A
  1. FSH
  2. Granulosa
  3. Granulosa cells aquire LH receptors, which is the initial steps in luteinzation.

We see a sharp increase in estrogen secretion and an increase in progesterone.

36
Q

Luteal phase

  1. _______________ causes luteinzation of residal granulosa cells and theca interna cells
  2. If fertilization doesnt occur, what happens?
A

1. Persistant LH secretion

2. FSH, LH declines and corpus luteum regresses (luteolysis)

37
Q

Follicular development depends on ___. Early in the cycle, FSH levels ____. LH. stimulates __________ to make ________. what happens

A

Follicular development depends on FSH. Early in the cycle, FSH levels increase. LH stimulates theca cells to make androstendoine, which is then transferred to granulosa cells for arotomization into estrogen.

38
Q

What stimulates the synthesis of the LH receptor. by granulosa cells late in follicular phase?

A

estrogen

FSH

39
Q

Puberty: only 400 follicles will ovulate. The remaining follicles degenerate & form atretic follicles.

What is follicular atresia?

A
  1. Failure for follicle to ovulate and can occur at any stage of development. This makes sure that only VIABLE follicles with oocytes reamain
40
Q

MOA of follicular atresia:

A

APOPTOSIS: Ensures regression of follicle w/o causing inflammation.

41
Q

Histoligically, how can we tell is atretic follicle?

A

Atretic primary oocyte is surrounded by a “glassy” membrane”, made up of a thick BM folded ZP and fragmented oocyte

42
Q

what are oviducts?

A

Paired ducts that

  1. catch ovulated secondary oocyte
  2. Nourish oocyte and sperm
  3. Provide eviroment. 4 fertilization
  4. Transport embryo -> uterus
43
Q

Regions of oviduct (uterine tubes)

Proximal infundibulum w/fimbriae

Long & ____-walled ampulla

Short & ____-walled isthmus

_____ portion opens into uterus

Ampulla & isthmus are lined by _________ that project into the lumen

A

Long and thin-walled ampulla

Short. and thick walled isthmus

Intramural portion open to uterus

Ampulla and isthmus are lined by MUCOSAL FOLDS. AMPULLLA HAS MORE FOLDS

44
Q

Wall of oviduct has ____ layers.

A

3 layers

1. Mucosa layer

2. SM layer

3. Serosa layer

45
Q

Describe wall layers of oviduct

A
  1. Muscosal layer: simple columnar epithelia with a lamina propria (loose CT). Has 2 types of cells: ciliated cells that is estrogen dependent and nonciliated secretory cells (peg cells)
  • Ciliateed cells: grow during folliculogenesis d/t estrogen and become smaller in luteolysis d/t increase progesterone.
  • Nonciliated secretory cells (peg cells)- secrete nutrients for egg and increase in size when estrogen is high.

2. Smooth muscle: inner circulatar and outer-longitudinal layer

  1. Serosa layer: large BV
46
Q

what propels the oocyte/zygote toward uterus

A

peristalitic contraction of musclar wall and cilia

47
Q

Describe uterus endometrium

A

Epithelium -> simple columnar with simple tubular endometrial glands

Function layer: lost in period and suupllies by spiral arteries

Basal layer: retained

48
Q

Describe uterus myometrum and perimetrium

A
  1. Myometrium-> poorly defined SM
  • -Inner circular layer (stratum vasculare) thick with BV
  • -Inner and outer layers with longitudinal/olique fibers
  1. Perimetrium-> serosa that covers posterior surface
49
Q

what is vasculature of endometrium

A

Arcuate arteries

  • Straight segment-> suuply basal layer •
  • Coiled segment, -> supply functional layer and stretches when endometrium grows
50
Q

Before menstruation contraction of the artery occurs at straight-coiled junction

_____ blood flow → destruction of functional layer

A

reduces

51
Q

Proliferative Phase: of menstural cycle

A

Days: 5-14

Glands proliferate and cover surface (look straight on histo image)

spiral arteries elongate-> become spiral -> go into functional layer

Estrogen dependent

52
Q

Secretory Phase:

A

Day 15-28

  • Glands are convulated-> look like saw teecth
  • Endometrium is max thiccness
  • Spiral arteries continue to grow
  • Leukocytes infilatrate stroma
  • Estrogen and progesterone dependent
53
Q

During the early proliferative phase, glands are _____

During late, the glands are _____

A

staight and long

grow rapidly. and become tortious

54
Q

Ischemic phase

A

Day 1

  • -CL regresses
  • -Decrease in B.S causes intermittent ischemia
  • Functional layer necroses
    *
55
Q

Menstral phase

A
  1. Stratum functionalis sloughs, straum basale stays
  2. Have many RBC and leukocytes
56
Q

What. do we see in histo images in proliferative phase, secretory. and ischemic

A
    1. Proliferative phase: staight and empty glands, cellular stroma, thinner functional layer
    1. Secretory phase: thicker endometrium, 3-4x thicker basal layer, tubular glands
    1. Ischemic phase/menstrual phase: glands EXPAND d/t expocia and stroma looks like spongia
57
Q

Cyclic development of ovarian follicles & corpus luteum is controlled by FSH & LH

• Causes cyclic shifts in the levels estrogens & progesterone

  1. Estrogen stimulates proliferative phase of uterine cycle & peaks near ovulation → midpoint of ovarian cycle
  2. After ovulation, corpus luteum forms & produces progesterone & estrogens → promote growth of functional layer
  3. Unless fertilization/implantation occur, corpus luteum regresses → leads to ↓↓ estrogen/progesterone
  4. Functional layer sloughs off as menstrual flow, Day 1 of BOTH ovarian cycle & uterine cycle 5. Basal layer is retained & regenerates the functional layer → proliferative phase
A

• Causes cyclic shifts in the levels estrogens & progesterone

  1. Estrogen stimulates proliferative phase of uterine cycle & peaks near ovulation → midpoint of ovarian cycle
  2. After ovulation, corpus luteum forms & produces progesterone & estrogens → promote growth of functional layer
  3. Unless fertilization/implantation occur, corpus luteum regresses → leads to ↓↓ estrogen/progesterone
  4. Functional layer sloughs off as menstrual flow, Day 1 of BOTH ovarian cycle & uterine cycle 5. Basal layer is retained & regenerates the functional layer → proliferative phase
58
Q

What are decidual cells/

A

When pregnancy occurs, decidual cells increase in size and store lipids and glycogen d/t progesterone. This protects provides immunoprotection for bb.

59
Q

Functional. layer will be shed. as the decidua. at ________

A

partiurition

60
Q

How. does the cervic. communicate. with the uterine. cavity and the vagina?

A

Endocervix

61
Q

What are cervical crypts

A

has cervical crpyts -> which increase the SA of the. mucose producing.

If occuluded, become nabothian cysts

62
Q

Ectocervix

A

External part of cervix lined by stratified squamous epithelium

63
Q

What is the transformation zone?

A

abrupt epithelial transition between the endocervix (simple columnar epithelium) → ectocervix (non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)

64
Q

what is different about the vagina and cervix?

A

VAGINA LACKS GLANDS

65
Q

what is the vagina?

A

fibromuscular tube with

  1. mucosal layer: nonketaritinzed. stratified. squamous cells that. is kept moist. from mucus in uterine/endocervical glands and glands of bartholin
  2. muscularis layer: circular and longitudinal smooth muscle
  3. advential layer: dense CT
66
Q

how does vagina change through cycles

A
  • Ovulation (estrogen):
    • stratified epithelium is fully differentiated
    • → acidophilic squamous cells are seen •
  • After ovulation (progesterone):
    • squamous cells ↓↓ →
    • basophilic polygonal cells ↑ ↑
    • and neurophils/lymphocytes ↑
67
Q

Dysplasia can occur where?

A

transformation zone

68
Q

what is dysplasia?

A
  • Disorganized epithelial cells that slough off before reaching full stratified maturity
  • that can progress into carcinoma (in situ or invasive) •
  • Dysplasia & carcinoma can be detected by the Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear)
69
Q

• Human papillomavirus (HPV), a

A

assx with cerical cancer,

cervical cells can be used to detext high-risk HPV strains

70
Q

• Diagnostic cytopathology:

A

observe normal/abnormal cells using stainging

71
Q

pap smear stains

Eosin

Light green:

Hematoxylin

A

Pap smear is a standard procedure for detection using Papanicolaou stain: •

Eosin: which stains superficial squamous cells pink or orange •

Light green: which stains the cytoplasm of less differentiated cells close to the basal lamina. •

Hematoxylin: stains nuclei dark blue/purple

72
Q

how does shit change when we have HPX

A

Endo/Repro Exam 2 (17 decks)

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