feedback loops

Question 1

to increase blood sugar with cortisol

Answer 1

stimulus: decrease in blood sugar (after exercise)
receptor: Islets of langehans pancreas

Modulator: anterior pituitary, which increases ATCH which team relate to the adrenal cortex

effector: liver
response: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis.

Question 2

to increase blood sugar with adrenaline and noradrenaline

Answer 2

stimulus: decrease in blood sugar (after exercise)
receptor: Islets of langehans pancreas

Modulator: adrenal medulla releasing adrenaline and noradrenaline

effector: liver releases glucagon
response: glycogenolysis, glycogen to lactic acid to glucose

Question 3

decrease blood sugar with insulin

Answer 3

stimulus: increase in blood sugar (after meal)
receptor: Islets of langehans pancreas

Modulator: beta cells in the pancreas which release insulin

effector: liver/muscles,body cells,adipose tissue
response: glycogenesis uptake glucose in cells and fat storage.

Question 4

increase blood sugar with glucagon

Answer 4

stimulus: decrease in blood sugar (after exercise)
receptor: Islets of langehans pancreas

Modulator: alpha cells releasing glucagon

effector: liver,adipose tissue
response: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis.

Question 5

Regulating gas concentrations when a decrease in c02

Answer 5

stimulus: decrease CO2, decrease H+ ions and increase the pH
receptor: chemo receptors in the aortic and carotid bodies

Modulator: respiratory Centre

effector: diaphragm and intercostal muscles
response: decrease rate and depth of breathing

Question 6

Regulating gas concentrations when an increase in c02

Answer 6

stimulus: increase CO2, increase H+ ions and decrease the pH
receptor: chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies

Modulator: respiratory Centre

effector: diaphragm and intercostal muscles
response: increase rate and depth of breathing

Question 7

long term keeping cool

Answer 7

stimulus: increase in body temperature
receptor: thermoreceptors

Modulator: hypothalamus decrease tsh

effector: thyroid which decreases thyroxine
response: decrease metabolic rate which decreases heat reduction

Question 8

Osmo regulation thirst feedback loop

Answer 8

stimulus: Increase osmotic pressure
receptor: osmoreceptors (hypothalamus thirst centre)

Modulator: cerebrum

effector: alimentary canal
response: increase absorption of water into the blood

Question 9

Osmo regulation dehydrated feedback loop

Answer 9

stimulus: Increase osmotic pressure
receptor: osmoreceptors (hypothalamus)

Modulator: posterior pituitary, increase ADH

effector: DCT and CT of the nephron
response: increases permeability which increases reabsorption of water into the blood

Question 10

Short term of keeping cool

Answer 10

stimulus: increase in body temperature
receptor: thermoreceptors (c+p)

Modulator: hypothalamus

effector: sweat glands of the skin, blood vessels of skin, cerebrum
response: increased sweating, vasodilation dilation of blood vessels and behaviour

Question 11

Short-term keeping warm

Answer 11

stimulus: decrease in body temperature
receptor: thermoreceptors (central and peripheral)

Modulator: hypothalamus

effector: skeletal muscle, blood vessels of skin, cerebrum, adrenal medulla
response: shivering, vasoconstriction of the blood vessels, behavioural adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 12

long term keeping cool

Answer 12

stimulus: decrease in body temperature
receptor: thermoreceptors central only

Modulator: hypothalamus increase tsh

effector: thyroid which increases thyroxine
response: increases metabolic rate which increases heat reduction