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human bio y12 > ch 5 +6 > Flashcards

ch 5 +6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis and the aspects the internal body needs to regulate

A

Process of keeping the environment inside our body fairly constant despite external environment temperature

core body temperature 
glucose in blood
blood pressure
 pH and substances in body fluid
CO2 and O2 in body fluids and blood
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2
Q

feedback loop order and negative feedback definition

A 
stim
receptor
modulator
effector 
receptor
feedback

Negative feedback: feedback that reduces affect or eliminate the original stimulus.

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3
Q

Tolerance limit

A

The limit of factors such as temp and fluid balance beyond which the body malfunctions

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4
Q

Positive feedback and example

A

Feedback that reinforces the stimulus

In labour the head pushes on the cervix,
nerve impulses sent to the brain,
brain stimulates PG to release oxytocin,
stimulates more uterus contactors and pushes more

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5
Q

glucose and glycogen

A

Glucose is stored as glycogen

  1. Glucose, high blood glucose/meal, 2. glycogen, blood glucose low/exercise, 3. to glucose
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6
Q

Role of liver when eating a meal with lots of carbs

A
  1. Glucose removed from blood by liver for live well functioning
  2. Glucose remove by liver and all by muscles to convert into glycogen
  3. Continue to circulate in the blood
  4. Converted into fat if an excess of that required to maintain both normal blood sugar and tissue glycogen
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7
Q

glycogenisis

A

Glucose are joined to form long chain of glycogen. This process is stimulated by pancreatic hormone insulin (decreases blood sugar level)

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8
Q

Glycogenolysis and Glucagon

A

If blood glucose level drops below normal glucagon is released. Glucagon is a hormone to trigger liver glycogen to break down into glucose.

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9
Q

The pancreas role

A

secrete islets of langerhans

  • alpha cells = glucagon (increase bgl)
  • beta cells= insulin (decrease bgl)
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10
Q

Alpha cells increase bgl by……
(3 ways)

glucagon

A

Stimulating glycogenolysis (conversion of glycogen to glucose)

Stimulating glycogengenesis (production of new sugar molecules from fats and amino acids, in the liver, involves breakdowns of lipid)

Having a mild stimulating affect on protein breakdown

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11
Q

Beta cells decrease bgl by……

4 ways

A

Accelerating transport of glucose from the body into body cells

Accelerating the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle

Stimulating the conversion of glucose into protein

Stimulating the conversion of glucose into fat in adipose tissue (lipogenesis)

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12
Q

adrenal cortex role

A

releases glucocorticoids which is cortisol

  • The stimulates conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver
  • And stimulates protein breakdown in muscles
  • and conversion of amino acids into glucose in the liver
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13
Q

adrenal medulla role

A

Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline

  • this stimulates breakdown of glycogen in the liver and release of glucose into the blood
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14
Q

Heat gain and heat loss

A

Heat gain: heat from body processes bracket metabolism bracket, respiration of liver muscle cells. Game from surrounding’s conduction radiation

Heat loss: radiation, conduction, convection. Evaporation of water from shin and lungs and warm urine and feaces

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15
Q

Metabolic rate and what it is affected by

A

Read it which energy is released by a breakdown of food and affected by exercise, stress and body temperature

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16
Q

Stress effect on metabolic rate

A

Because of autonomic division stimulation of sympathetic nerve releases adrenaline from nerve endings
noradrenaline increases the metabolic rate for a few minutes

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17
Q

Temp affect a metabolic rate

A

For everyone degrees there is an increase of 10% of metabolic rate

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18
Q

Peripheral vs central

Thermo receptors

A

Peripheral:
In the skin and mucus
Detects changes external environment and send messages to the hypothalamus

Central:
Hypothalamus, spinal-cord, organs
detects temp in internal environment

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19
Q

Conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation

A

Conduction: transfer of heat by direct contact of particles
Convection; transfer of heat by movement of a liquid or gas
Radiation: of heat by infrared radiation being omitted by an object
Evaporation: process of a liquid forming a gas, which absorbs heat energy

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20
Q

Vasodilation in relation to heat

A

More blood transports the capillaries in the skin which increases the rate of heat loss

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21
Q

Sweating

A

Active secretion of body food by sweat glands and periodic contraction of cells surrounding the ducts to pump sweat

  • it’s stimulated by sympathetic nerves and has a cooling affect
  • he is a move from the skin when sweat turns to vapour resulting in cooler blood flow
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22
Q

Shivering

A

An increase in skeletal muscle tone producing rhythmic muscular tremors heat produced by muscles release in heat

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23
Q

Preventing temperature from falling

5 ways!!!!!

A
  1. Impulses from the hypothalamus stimulate sympathetic nerves that cause arterial to constrict. This decreases blood flow of warm blood to skin decreasing heat transfer from internal organs to the skin
  2. Hypothalamus stimulate adrenal medulla by sympathetic nerves. Stairs cigarettes adrenaline and noradrenaline which increases metabolism and intern increasing heat production
  3. Hypothalamus then stimulate of course shivering which increases body heat production from muscles
  4. Hypothalamus – A pituitary- thyroid stimulating hormone – thyroxine. Increase in metabolism = increasing body temp
  5. behaviour e.g. putting on a jumper
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24
Q

Preventing temperature from rising

4 ways!!

A
  1. Vasodilation increase blood flow= go to heat loss through radiation and come back
  2. Temperature is above 28°C make you sweat equals heat loss
  3. Decrease in secretion of thyroxine in the long-term
  4. Behaviour e.g. putting on the Aircon
25
Q

Heat exhaustion versus heat stroke

A

Heat exhaustion occurs when the body loses excess amounts of water and salt, typically from sweating. On the other hand, heat stroke is a serious medical emergency that occurs when your body is unable to control its internal temperature.

26
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Tendency of a solution to take on water: the greater the difference in content the greater the pressure.

27
Q

Metabolic water

A

Small amount of water of 10 as a byproduct of chemical processes occurring within the cells

28
Q

Excretion sites

A

Lungs: excrete CO2 and water
Sweat glands: water containing salt, urea and lactic acid
alimentary canal: passes out bile pigments that entered the small intestine’s with bile
kidney: principal excretory organs for maintaining a constant concentration of materials

29
Q

Four steps in the nephron

A
  1. Filtration – high blood pressure forces small dissolve molecules out of the blood and into filtrate
  2. Reabsorption –Field passes through the pots more convoluted tubules, loop of Henley, distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts where substances are reabsorbed.
  3. Secretion that materials need to be removed from the body are secreted into filtrate by peritubalar capillaries\
  4. Urine – water and dissolve substances make up urine
30
Q

Controlling water levels

A

As water is lost the plasma become more concentrated and hence has a high osmotic pressure= water moving from interstitial fluid into the plasma by osmosis

This causes the interstitial water to become more concentrated and shrinks from dehydration.

This triggers Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus to respond to the increased pressure.

31
Q

How is the level of active reabsorption controlled

A

It is controlled by the antidiuretic hormone: ADH controls the walls of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts permeability to water.

32
Q

When ADH is high and when ADH is low…..

A

When high: tubules become very permeable, water flows out, increases concentration, reduces volume

When low: not permeable to water, fluid in tubules remain die loot

33
Q

Negative feedback loop for excess sweating/ waterless

A

stim: osmotic pressure increases due to decrease in water and blood plasma
receptors: osmoreceptres and hypothalamus detect increased osmotic pressure
Modulator: hypothalamus stimulate posterior lobe to release ADH
Effector: ADH target nephrons, which Pam ability to water is increased
Response: water than reabsorbed into blood plasma from DCT and CD
Feedback: osmotic pressure decreases and negative feedback

34
Q

Aldosterone and why/ when secreted it is secreted

what it does

A

a salt retaining hormone secreted by Adrenal cortex

Responds to: – decreasing concentration of sodium irons in the blood
– Decrease in blood volume
– Decrease in blood pressure

acts on the DCT and CD to increase sodium irons reabsorbed into bloodstream and amount of potassium secreted in urine

35
Q

Feedback loop when thirsty

A

Stim: increase osmotic concentration
Receptor: Osmo receptors in the hypothalamus
Modulator: stimulation of the centre in hypothalamus makes person feel thirsty
Effector: conscious feeling of thirst
Response: fluid consumed is absorbed into Alimentary canal into plasma in blood
Feedback: returns to normal osmotic concentration

36
Q

Dehydration vs water intoxication

A

Dehydration: personalises 2% of the normal body water and symptoms include low BP, dizziness, headache, severe thirst

Water intoxication: when body fluids become dilated and cells taking extra water by osmosis. Happens when losing a lot of water and so it’s so sweating is replaced with just water and not associated salts

37
Q

Respiratory centre

A

in the medulla oblongata and have two other regions within:
- expiratory
and inspirator

38
Q

Peripheral vs central

chemo receptors

A

Peripheral: all groups of cells within the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries. Sensitive to changes in oxygen, CO2 and hydrogen ions there’s a cold aortic and carotid bodies

Central: locate in the medulla oblongata . Sensitive to changes in concentration of CO2 in the blood and hydrogen irons in cerebrospinal fluid spinal fluid

39
Q

Oxygen concentration when it falls below normal

A

The concentration has to be very low levels to have a stimulated effect.

  • stimulates the peripheral chemo receptors and nerve impulses are transmitted to the respiratory Centre
  • distant stimulate transmission of messages to the dark and intercoastal muscle
  • breathing rate and depth increases
40
Q

CO2 concentration when it rises above normal

A

Aceto-to increases so does the concentration of hydrogen ions

  • this increase in both stimulate Central and peripheral chemo receptors
  • they transmit nerve impulses to respiratory Centre resulting in increased breathing rate and depth
41
Q

Central chemo receptors CO2

A

These are the most sensitive ones and I located in the medulla oblongata and responsible for 70 to 80% of increased breathing rate

42
Q

Peripheral chemo receptors CO2

A

An immediate increase in breathing rate is produced by the stimulation of aortic and carotid bodies. These are stimulated by an associated increase in hydrogen ions

43
Q

Hydrogen ion concentration when above normal

A

As hydrogen ions increase the pH of blood decreases which directly stimulates aortic and carotid body
- the bodies and transmit impulses to the respiratory Centre this equals breathing rate and depth to increase

44
Q

Voluntary controlled breathing

A

Come from connection from cerebral cortex to descending tracks in spinal-cord. It bypasses the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata

Acts as a protective device in which prevents gases and water into lungs

45
Q

Holding breath vs hyperventilation

A

Holding breath:
A buildup of CO2 in plasma stimulates inspiratory Centre descent impulses to inspiratory muscles

hyperVentilation: rapid deep breathing which increases oxygen and decrease co2
Usually corrects itself as a reduction in CO2 means chemo receptors are not stimulated reducing right and up the breathing until back to normal

46
Q

Factors affecting metabolic rate

A

exercise, hormones, body temp, age, ingestion of food, sex, stress, climate ,sleep,malnutrition, illness

47
Q

Why is sweating are inafected on humid days but quite effective on dry days?

A

On humid days amount of water vapour already in the air is high. Therefore, water it will not evaporate readily. On the condition dual not cool down efficiently and can feel quite uncomfortable. When conditions are dry however evaporation occurs rapidly that’s cooling down the body quickly.

48
Q

What are the tolerance limit for human core body temperature?

Core body temperature?

A

Between 36.5 and 38.5. Below 33.5 degrees Celsius is hypothermia or about 41.5 is hypothermia.

is the temperature of the bodies internal organs

Core temperature is usually one to 2° higher than the temperature at the extremities

49
Q

What Piloerection

A

Caused by contraction of mussels that attach to each hair which serves as insolation keeping the layer of air close to the skin.

50
Q

Three factors that impact blood sugar level

A

Diet, exercise, level of insulin, side-effects of medication, stress, illness

51
Q

Three types of extracellular fluids

A

Plasma, lymph and intercellular/tidsue fluid

52
Q

How much urine and filtrate is produced each day

A

180 L filtrate

800 to 2000 mL per day urine

53
Q

What is your urea, where is the produce and why do we have to eliminate it

A

Urea is a nitrogenous waste formed in the liver. They’re the denomination of amino acid produces the highly toxic substance ammonia. Carbon dioxide combines with it for much less poisonous substance, which is a soluble organic salt of small molecules size easily transported into the blood and Eliminated be at the kidneys.

54
Q

If water levels have dropped in the blood what sensation do you feel?

Then what homeostatic mechanisms are used in an effort to restore the correct amount of water and blood

A

thirst

Thirst reflex, increase secretion of antidiuretic hormone and increase urge to do

55
Q

Kidneys role and function

A

Regulate the composition and volume of blood. We are removed in the form of your own. Waste includes substances from water, nitrogen and substances from protein cannibalism, hydrogen ions and inorganic ions such as sodium, chloride and potassium and hormone

56
Q

co2 and hydrogen equation

A

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

= means break down

carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid = hydrogen irons and bicarbonate irons

57
Q

Negative feedback loop on the control breathing right through changes in concentration of carbon dioxide and pH

A

decreased breathing rate

Stimulus: increase in concentration of CO2 or decrease in pH
Receptor: chemo receptors in the medulla oblongata OR IN aortic and carotid bodies
Modulator: respiratory Centre in the medulla oblongata
Effector: nerve impulses
Response: increase rate of contraction of respiratory muscles
Feedback: decrease in concentration of co2 which increase breathing rate

58
Q

Negative feedback loop when water is lost through excess sweating

A

Stimulus: osmotic pressure of the blood is raised due to decrease in water in the blood
Receptors: Osmo receptors in the hypothalamus detect the increase osmotic pressure of the blood
Modulator Colin the hypothalamus stimulate the

human bio y12 (13 decks)

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