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Clinical Tox. > Feed Related Toxicology Part 1 > Flashcards

Feed Related Toxicology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ammoniation?

A

Feedstuffs treated w/ anhydrous or aqueous ammonia to increase protein/nitrogen content

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2
Q

Ammonia toxicosis mechanism

A

Ammonium ion can’t pass across rumen wall; not absorbed

Ammonia -> NH4, rumen pH rises ~8, rxn shifts to prod. NH3

High NH3 levels absorbed in portal circulation (liver)

TCA cycle inhibited; causing ammonia in blood (metabolic acidosis and ruminal alkalosis)

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3
Q

Major signs of ammoniated feed

A
  • hyperexcitability: nervousness, fast blinking, twitching, pupillary dilation, trembling, ataxia, increased RR, PU, increased pooping
  • convulsions
  • frothing at mouth
  • stampeding
  • vision impairment
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4
Q

Target organs of ammoniated feed

A

Rumen and blood

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5
Q

Treatment of ammoniated feed toxicosis

A
  • acepromazine
  • removal of susp. toxicant
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6
Q

Prognosis for ammoniated feed toxicosis

A

Guarded

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7
Q

Bovine bonkers

A
  • pyrazines & imidazoles
  • toxic ammoniated hay, liquid molasses, protein & molasses blocks
  • convulsing agent: imidazoles
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8
Q

Prevention of ammoniated feed toxicosis

A
  • don’t feed urea >2-3% of concentrate or grain portion of diet
  • NPN no more than 1/3 total Nitrogen
  • slowly introduce NPNs
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9
Q

What species are susceptible to monensin toxicosis

A

Horses

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10
Q

Target organs of monensin toxicosis

A

Heart, liver, skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Major clinical signs of monensin toxicosis

A

Colic, weakness, excessive sqweating, diarrhea, anorexia, abnormal staggering and gait

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12
Q

Diagnosis of monensin toxicosis

A
  • clin signs, clin path, path lesions
  • toxicology samples sent to tox lab
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13
Q

Toxicology (sampling) of monensin toxicosis

A

Feed and tissue analysis

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14
Q

Monensin tox. lesions

A
  • increased LDH, AST, CPK
  • prolonged atrial and ventricular depolar., AV block, increased T wave, absence of P wave, prolonged QRS interval
  • swelling and dissociation of purkinje fibers, myocardial necrosis
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15
Q

Monensin tox. Treatment

A
  • no antidotes
  • gastric decontamination
  • activated charcoal w/ a cathartic
  • vitamin e and selenium
  • fluids
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16
Q

Monensin tox. Prevention

A
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17
Q

Monensin tox. Management

A
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18
Q

Common source of glossypol

A

Whole cotton seeds(protein and fiber), cotton seed hulls(fiber), seed meal(protein and fiber)

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19
Q

Glossypol susceptibility

A
  • all species
  • monogastrics, preruminants, and poultry most affected
  • glossypol bound to proteins in rumen making them more resistant than monogastrics
  • adult ruminants can detoxify glossypol
20
Q

Target organs of glossypol

A
  • heart and reproductive systems
21
Q

Glossypol treatment

A
22
Q

Cardiotoxic effects of glossypol

A
  • gradual cardiac muscle destruction
  • affects potassium movement across membrane
  • gradual heart failure causes fluid buildup
  • sudden death w/o lesions
23
Q

Reproductive effects of glossypol

A
  • irregular estrus cycles
  • inhibition of sperm motility
  • reduced conception & litter size
  • abortions
  • progesterone and estradiol suppression
24
Q

What type and age of animals should not be fed cotton seed products

A

Preruminant calves and lambs (8-12 weeks)

25
Q

What newborn animals are most at risk for glossypol infection

A

Dairy calves raised on a bottle and calf starter ration

26
Q

Tx for glossypol

A
  • No antidote or treatment
  • remove CSM or WCS
27
Q

Sources of nitrate poisoning

A
  • high nitrate/nitrite containing plants
  • nitrate based fertilizer
  • storage areas
28
Q

What causes nitrate/nitrite poisoning

A

Nitrite anion

29
Q

Species most susceptible to nitrate/nitrite poisoning

A

Ruminants

30
Q

Factors of nitrite poisoning

A
  • plant stresses (frost, drought, herbicides)
  • high soil nitrate levels
31
Q

Nitrate MOA

A

High nitrate forage-> nitrate to nitrite-> excess nitrate goes into blood->methemoglobinemia

32
Q

Target organs of nitrate/nitrite poisoning

A

Vessels/blood, tissue

33
Q

Major clinical signs of nitrate/nitrite poisoning

A
  • tissue O2 deprivation
  • abortion
  • exercise intolerance, dyspnea, ataxia, tachycardia, depression, tremors, moddy/cyanotic mm, collapse, terminal convulsions
34
Q

Diagnosis of nitrate/nitrite poisoning

A
  • excessive nitrate in plasma, serum, blood, blood from fetus/dam, urine, aqueous humor
35
Q

Toxicology of nitrate/nitrite poisoning

A
  • ship specimen refrigerated or frozen to diagnostic lab
  • levels >10ppm nitrate in ocular fluid
  • levels >20 ppm forage
36
Q

Lesions of nitrate/nitrite poisoning

A
  • Chocolate colored blood & brownish cast to all tissues
  • ruminal or abomasal mucosae congestion and GIT irritation
37
Q

Tx of nitrate/nitrite poisoning

A
  • methylene blue (IV, 5-15mg/kg of 1% solution)
  • rumen lavage w/ cold water
  • oral penicillin
38
Q

Prevention of nitrate/nitrate poisoning

A
  • non-preg. Cattle shouldn’t be able to consume forage >1% nitrate
  • forages w/ 1% nitrate or more is potentially lethal to cattle
39
Q

Common sources of cyanide posioning

A

Apple seeds, peaches, apricots, cherries, plums, elderberry, johnsongrass, almond trees

40
Q

MOA cyanide poisoning

A
  • cyanide combines w/ Fe in cytochrome oxidase
  • prevents terminal e- transfer of O2
  • blocks cellular respiration
  • oxyhemoglobin unable to release O2
  • hemoglobin becomes bright red bc increased O2
41
Q

Target organs of cyanide

A

Blood, tissues, eyes, skeletal m., urinary system

42
Q

Major clinical signs of cyanide poisoning

A
43
Q

Dx cyanide poisoning

A
44
Q

Toxicology of cyanide poisoning

A
45
Q

Lesions of cyanide poisoning

A
46
Q

Tx and prevention of cyanide poisoning

A

Clinical Tox. (5 decks)

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