Feed Related Toxicology Part 1 Flashcards
What is ammoniation?
Feedstuffs treated w/ anhydrous or aqueous ammonia to increase protein/nitrogen content
Ammonia toxicosis mechanism
Ammonium ion can’t pass across rumen wall; not absorbed
Ammonia -> NH4, rumen pH rises ~8, rxn shifts to prod. NH3
High NH3 levels absorbed in portal circulation (liver)
TCA cycle inhibited; causing ammonia in blood (metabolic acidosis and ruminal alkalosis)
Major signs of ammoniated feed
- hyperexcitability: nervousness, fast blinking, twitching, pupillary dilation, trembling, ataxia, increased RR, PU, increased pooping
- convulsions
- frothing at mouth
- stampeding
- vision impairment
Target organs of ammoniated feed
Rumen and blood
Treatment of ammoniated feed toxicosis
- acepromazine
- removal of susp. toxicant
Prognosis for ammoniated feed toxicosis
Guarded
Bovine bonkers
- pyrazines & imidazoles
- toxic ammoniated hay, liquid molasses, protein & molasses blocks
- convulsing agent: imidazoles
Prevention of ammoniated feed toxicosis
- don’t feed urea >2-3% of concentrate or grain portion of diet
- NPN no more than 1/3 total Nitrogen
- slowly introduce NPNs
What species are susceptible to monensin toxicosis
Horses
Target organs of monensin toxicosis
Heart, liver, skeletal muscle
Major clinical signs of monensin toxicosis
Colic, weakness, excessive sqweating, diarrhea, anorexia, abnormal staggering and gait
Diagnosis of monensin toxicosis
- clin signs, clin path, path lesions
- toxicology samples sent to tox lab
Toxicology (sampling) of monensin toxicosis
Feed and tissue analysis
Monensin tox. lesions
- increased LDH, AST, CPK
- prolonged atrial and ventricular depolar., AV block, increased T wave, absence of P wave, prolonged QRS interval
- swelling and dissociation of purkinje fibers, myocardial necrosis
Monensin tox. Treatment
- no antidotes
- gastric decontamination
- activated charcoal w/ a cathartic
- vitamin e and selenium
- fluids
Monensin tox. Prevention
Monensin tox. Management
Common source of glossypol
Whole cotton seeds(protein and fiber), cotton seed hulls(fiber), seed meal(protein and fiber)
Glossypol susceptibility
- all species
- monogastrics, preruminants, and poultry most affected
- glossypol bound to proteins in rumen making them more resistant than monogastrics
- adult ruminants can detoxify glossypol
Target organs of glossypol
- heart and reproductive systems
Glossypol treatment
Cardiotoxic effects of glossypol
- gradual cardiac muscle destruction
- affects potassium movement across membrane
- gradual heart failure causes fluid buildup
- sudden death w/o lesions
Reproductive effects of glossypol
- irregular estrus cycles
- inhibition of sperm motility
- reduced conception & litter size
- abortions
- progesterone and estradiol suppression
What type and age of animals should not be fed cotton seed products
Preruminant calves and lambs (8-12 weeks)
