feed industry and ingredients Flashcards
What 4 ingredients do you need to make a complete animal diet?
1 energy ingredients: grains, fats and oils, byproducts
2 essential fatty acids: vegetable oils with 18:2 n-6 and 18:3 n-3
3 protein ingredients: plant seeds, animal biproducts, AA
4 vitamins and minerals: ca & p
by product feedstuffs
- Advantages:
- Contain useful nutrients
- Frequently very inexpensive
- Disadvantages:
- Variable nutrient content from batch to batch
- Availability on a consistent basis
examples: wheat by products, rice, corn.
1 Energy Feedstuffs in diet
-Cereal grains: Usually highest inclusion rate of any ingredient in animal feeds and most pet feeds
* Milling by-products
* Seed and mill screenings
* Molasses and related products
* Animal and vegetable fats
wheat by products
-Milled to produce flour for human consumption
* Wheat bran (high CP and fiber)
-wheat middlings: less fiber more flour
-wheat shorts: no more than 7% CP
- Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS): By-product of ethanol production
- ~36% protein, 5% fat
corn processing by products
- Corn is fractionated to create:
- Starch
- Oil
- High fructose corn syrup
- Corn gluten meal (60% protein)
Corn gluten meal:
* Palatable
* Cheap
* Poor amino acid balance
* Protein from the corn endosperm
* Widely used in aquaculture feed
Molasses and Related Products
- Can be fed at levels up to 20% of the diet to pigs without reducing gain or feed intake
Contains:
* 78% Dry matter
* 3.5-10.6% crude protein
* 62% sucrose
* 2510 Kcal/Kg DM
2 Animal and Vegetable Fats in diet
- Tallow-beef fat
- Grease-pork fat, poultry fat: Lower melting point than tallow,
more unsaturated fatty acids - Restaurant grease
- Vegetable oils-highest quality
- Added to mixtures to improve
overall quality - Expensive but highly digestible
- Canola oil, soybean oil, palm oil
- Canola oil is rich in 18:3 n-3
(omega-3) fatty acid
3 Protein ingredients in diet
- Animal proteins
- Marine proteins
- Seeds from plants
- Fermentation products
- Brewery and distillery products
- Amino acids
animal proteins in feeds
-more animal carcases are rendered and fed in animal feeds than to people.
-animal protein concentrates: biological concern
-meat meal or bone meal: slaughter wastes.
* High protein (50%) high calcium (8%), high phosphorus (4%)
* Lower in lysine than soybean meal; high proportion of non-muscle tissue
Animal Blood and Blood Meal
Blood meal
* 90% protein
* Good source of highly digestible iron
* Amino acid balance is poor
* Maximum 1-2% of diet
Plasma Products
* Spray-dried porcine/bovine plasma
* Very expensive
* Used to fortify weanling pig diets
* Increases feed intake and average daily gain by up to 50% may be due to immunoglobulins.
marine proteins
- Fish meal primarily
- 65-75% protein
- Premium ingredient for pig starter diets, aquaculture, pet foods
plant proteins
Soybeans:
* Meal is the primary product; soybean oil is byproduct
-high in lysine deficient in methionine.
* The price of soybean sets the price of all other plant proteins
Soybean is poisonous unless heat-treated or solvent-extracted
-48.5% cp
Canola meal
* Oil primary product, meal is secondary
* Characteristics compared to SBM:
* Lower protein (36-38% crude protein)
* Lower energy
* Higher fibre
* Canola meal is lower in lysine but higher in methionine than soybean meal
-doesn’t have to be heat treated, affects iodine metabolism.
-canola concentrate highest plant protein efficiency ratio
field (dried) peas
Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)
- AAFCO is the body that regulates animal feeds in the US
- Many Canadian feed manufacturers follow AAFCO regulations if they
export feed to the US
key governing agencies in canada for livestock feed
-feed act & regulations CFIA
-Health Canada: food and drugs act and regulations
-Health of animals act and regulations CFIA
feed labelling regulations
*the name of the feed
*its intended purpose
*the intended livestock species
*the name and address of the
anufacturer of the feed
*the net amount
*directions for use
*a guaranteed analysis, and
health and safety statements
**Must be bilingual if for commercial
sale in Canada
medicating ingredients in feed
- Medicating ingredients permitted by Canadian regulation to be added to
livestock feed - Label for commercial pre-made medicated diets must specify:
- the name and actual amount of each medicating ingredient, which must appear
immediately after the feed name - the approved claim(s)
- any caution and warning statements
- any statement on the prudent use of the medicating ingredient(s), and
- any additional information that must be added to the medicated feed label as a note as
specified in the Medicating Ingredient Brochure(s) - A ‘Custom Medicated Feed’ prescribed by a veterinarian has different
labelling requirements
feed additives non nutritional
- Added to feed to improve growth/nutrient utilization/health, make the
finished product more appealing to consumers, help with feed
manufacture or improve shelf life - Includes, but is not limited to:
- Antioxidants (not the nutritional kind)
- Mould inhibitors
- Pelleting aids or binders
- Anticaking agents
- Acidifiers
-prebiotics, probiotics
-flavoring agents
Antimicrobial uses in food animals 4 types of antimicrobial treatment added to food
- Therapeutic
* To treat clinically identified disease
* Individual animal basis
* group basis in water or feed - Metaphylactic
* To prevent spread of identified infection to cohorts
* Treat all animals where disease has been identified in some - Prophylactic
* To control or prevent infection at times of increased risk
* Example: Weaning in pigs - Growth Promotion
* To increase growth and production efficiency
* Reduce intestinal colonization by opportunistic and overt pathogens
* Includes a prophylactic component
* This use has been banned in Canada since Dec 2018 lots of antibiotic reisstance
Antibiotics in Dairy nutrition
- Therapeutic use only
- e.g. mastitis, enteric/respiratory infections in calves, foot infections
- Sub-therapeutic ionophores (not medically important) to improve
efficiency of rumen fermentation
antibiotics in beef cattle nutrition
- Cow-Calf:
- Therapeutic only
- Enteric/respiratory infections in calves
- Feedlot:
- Metaphylactic (at feedlot entry) and therapeutic control of respiratory
infection - Sub-therapeutic ionophores (not medically important) to improve
efficiency of rumen fermentation
antibiotics in poultry feed
- Broiler (Meat)
- As of 2019, only category 4 antibiotics used as growth promoters
- Coccidiostats are category 4 and used to control coccidiosis
- Metaphylactic use of category 2-3 drugs to control identified
enteric/respiratory infections - Layer (Eggs)
- Not used (cage reared)
- Eggs can’t be marketed
swine antibiotics in nutrition
Swine
* Common prophylactic use in nursery phase
* High percentage use of category 4 antibiotics for growth promotion in
grow/finish or category 2-3 for pro/metaphylactic that has coincidental
growth promotion benefits
* Therapeutic treatment of enteric/respiratory infections
* In Canada, most in-feed antibiotics are used in the swine industry (65%
flavors or palatants as feed additives
- Improve consumption by masking off-flavours
- Allow more flexibility in diet formulation
- Condition an animal to a particular feed
- Anise, apple, sweeteners, garlic
- Liquified or dried liver hydrosylate used to coat cat food
pigments as feed additives
Used in aquaculture and poultry mainly
* In Poultry
* Yolk colour, skin colouration
* Yellow/orange desired in many markets
* Xanthophyll (Corn)
* Natural pigments: alfalfa, marigold meal, also synthetic
* In Aquaculture:
* Preferred colours in marketplace
* Trout: pink
* Salmon: red
* Char: white
* Salmonids cannot synthesize pigments from xanthophyll so pigments must be fed in the diet
* Expensive; up to 10% of diet cost
Other Common Feed Additives
steps in dry kibble processing
1 ingredients are ground into a slurry/ dough
2 slurry is heated to >32
3 enters excruder which is high pressure high heat. which forms kibble
4 Transit through drying oven to
remove moisture, then cooled
5 – Coated/sprayed (e.g. fats)
6 – Packaged
Extruded Kibble – ‘Dry Food’
moist food canned process
1 meat slurry formed: ground stored
2 gravy (if used) combo of meat, heated, stirred
3 mixing and dispensing: all added and cooked under high pressure and steam
4 autoclaved (retort): sterile, cooked in retort machine
5 secondary packaging
Conventional Ingredients in feed
Meat & Grain’-Based Pet Foods:
* Animal-derived products
* Soy-derived products
* Grains & grain-derived products
* Vitamin/Mineral supplements
* Non-nutritive additives
* Additives to ‘improve’ food acceptance
* Preservatives
food preservation tequniques
Goals – inhibit microbial growth, oxidation, other ‘decomposition’
* Heat +/- pressure -> inactivates enzymes, kill microbes
* Antioxidants -> delay fat oxidation & vitamin degradation
* Nitrogen flushing -> removes oxygen
* Other -> sugar, salt, acids,
Canadian federal government food regulations
-minimal oversight of petfood, CFIA: dose not regulate pet food manufactured and sold within canada.
Canada - Voluntary Compliance
* Pet Food Association of Canada (PFAC
* Voluntary adherence to guidelines outlined by AAFCO
* Follow ‘Guide for Labeling & Advertising of Pet Foods
Pet Food Regulations diff countries
Canada
* No specific regulations or laws govern manufacture &
sale of pet food that stays within Canada
United States
* Association of American Feed Control Officials
* Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
* Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)
Europe
* ‘FEDIAF’ & Other
- Pet foods imported from or exported to U.S. are governed
by the regulations & laws of AAFCO & U.S. FDA-CVM
complete and balanced pet food
- Animals don’t require specific foods/ingredients
- Animals do require specific nutrients – in adequate, but not unsafe, amounts
- Essential nutrient requirements vary, depending on:
- Species & life-stage
- +/- changes in health-status or other physiologic demands
goal of a balanced pet food
- Goal : prevent deficiencies or excesses
- All essential nutrients for species & life-stage present in appropriate amounts and ratios, relative to the energy density (kilocalories) of the diet
food saftey
Food Safety
HACCP: hazard analysis and critacal control points
Good Manufacturing Practices
Food Safety Management Systems
Food Safety Management Systems
- Managerial & administrative processes to
facilitate food safety programs - Four main components
- 1 – General management
- Policies, plans, organization, resources, control of
records, training plans, internal audits, etc. - 2 – Technical
- Relevant experts and plans & procedures for activities
required to operate HACCP model - 3 – Conformance
- Audits
- 4 – Auditor-training
pet food saftey issues
- Nutrient excesses, deficiencies, or imbalances
- Vitamin D excess (dogs); Thiamine deficiency (cat
- Contamination or adulteration of products
- Melamine (adulteration of protein) kidney failure
- Aflatoxins (from cereals) liver failure
- Microbiological contamination
- Unclean or Uncooked foods
- Contaminated post-processing/cooking
- Unknown/unidentified
- Fanconi syndrome (jerky); Megaesophagus
reducing risk- manufacturer
-have a good relationship of supplier and manufacturer. with routine inspections.
-handling of ingredients to finished product is important so no contamination, proper storage, clean and sterile equiptment.
-have good testing methods: near-infrared spectroscopy for food analysis.
