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beef Flashcards

1
Q

canada as a beef exporter

A
  • Canada is a small player on the world
    stage in terms of overall production
  • However, Canada is a fairly significant
    exporter of grain finished, high-quality
    beef
  • Exporting beef is an important aspect of
    this industry in Canada, we cant eat all the beef we produce
    -USA is our largest export
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2
Q

overview of beef industry

A
  • 54,000 beef producers and dropping
  • 2005: Peak cattle inventory at 17 million
    – BSE effect!!
  • Dropping steadily since then now at 11
    million head
  • The industry has been in a period of
    significant contraction
  • Beef cow numbers are at 3.46 million
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3
Q

western canada concentration of beef

A
  • Beef production is concentrated in
    Western Canada
  • > 80% of beef cow herd in 3 prairie
    provinces
  • Alberta dominates fed cattle production
    by feeding 2/3 of the cattle destined for
    slaughter
  • Alberta would be ranked 4th for fed
    cattle production when compared to
    U.S.
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4
Q

industry segmentation

A

– Cow calf industry which is predominated
by small herds
– Intermediate stages of backgrounding and
stocker operations
– Feedlot industry which is predominated by
larger commercial operations (primarily
southern Alberta)
-three phases are: cow-calf, background/ stocker, feedlot

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5
Q

backgrounder

A
  • Feed cattle for growth prior to going into a
    feedlot for finishing
  • May occur on original cow-calf ranch or
    may involve a change in ownership
  • Backgrounding involves feeding calves for
    a shorter period for moderate weight gain
    (1 kg/day)
  • Medium-low energy rations (forage based)
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6
Q

stocker

A
  • Stocker operations utilize forage and crop
    residues
  • Grain stubble, wheat pasture, grass
  • Often will involve utilized pasture on
    calves that have been backgrounded the
    previous winter
  • Will be sold as yearlings for a short period
    of finishing in the feedlot
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7
Q

feedlot

A
  • Fed in pens where harvested feed is
    brought to them
  • High energy diet (barley & barley silage)
  • Cattle may be 12-24 months of age by
    time of slaughter
    -calves fed for 180-280 days, yearlings 100-180 days
    -* Target slaughter weight of 1250-1550 lb
    (live) for steers
  • High energy, low roughage diets to
    optimize growth
    -most in AB
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8
Q

Why is the feeding industry
concentrated in Alberta?

A
  • Access to grain
  • Access to weaned calves
  • Dry semi-arid climate which is ideal for
    cattle production
  • Established infrastructure with the
    meat packing industry concentrated in
    Alberta
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9
Q

three ways cow calf can sell there calves

A
  • Direct sale to feedlot
  • Auction market system
  • Satellite/Internet sales
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10
Q

factors leading to the cattle price right now

A
  • Contraction of industry has led to fairly high
    prices for cow-calf industry for several years
  • Drought of 2021-2023 has had a major impact
    on cow numbers
  • Weaned calf prices have seen historic highs due
    to high demand and low volume
  • Prices quoted in $/cwt live weight
  • Feedlot profitability is tied to grain prices,
    Canadian dollar and cattle prices
    – This can be highly volatile with low margins
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11
Q

packing plants

A
  • The packing industry is extremely consolidated!
  • There are only 4 major players in the packing
    industry in Canada
    – Cargill: High River (4500/day), Guelph (1500/day)
    – JBS (Brooks) (4000/day)
    – Several smaller packers (Harmony Beef: 700/day)
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12
Q

objectives of calving management

A

 Minimize losses at birth
 Minimize Post-natal Losses
 Reduce Disease in calving females

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13
Q

calf crop %

A

(# of calves weaned/ # cows exposed to bull ) x 100

-TARGET LEVEL = 85%

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14
Q

factors contributing to neonatal losses

A

Dystocia
 Maternal Nutrition
 Maternal Behaviour
 Climate (Hypothermia)
 Infectious Agents and Environment

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15
Q

risk factors of dystocia

A

-first calf heifers: 18.7% of heifers assisted, only 5.4% cows
-male calves
-twins
-calves born to cows with poor BCS

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16
Q

dystocia prevention

A

➢ Select bulls for low birth weights in calves
➢ Birth wts account for 30-50% of
variability in dystocia rates

 Replacement heifer rearing
program. 85% mature weight at calving

 Adequate Surveillance and Early
Assistance.

 Calve heifers before cows (2-3 wks) Need longer to return to estrus than cows

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17
Q

normal stages of calving

A

 Stage 1
 3 hours-72 hours (cows<heifers)
 Ligaments of pelvis relax
 Cervix, vagina dilate
 Cervical mucous plug released
 Cow separates from herd
 Tail raised, back arched, may start to strain

 Stage 2
◦ Appearance of water bag
◦ Expulsion of calf through the birth canal
◦ 30 minutes to three hours (cows<heifers)

 Stage 3
◦ Expulsion of fetal membranes
◦ Usually expelled within a few hours of birth
◦ Involution of uterus may take up to 40 days

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18
Q

when to help with dystocias

A

 Cow actively strains for 40 minutes and no progress is made
 90 minutes have passed since the first waterbag appeared
 The legs emerge with the sole of the hooves pointing up
 The head or tail only emerges
 A cow has demonstrated greater than 5-6 hours of anxiety, eg: walking about, tail extended, apparently looking for something
 An uncalved cow is mothering another calf

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19
Q

abnormal maternal behavior common

A

-1st calvers more likley
-cows with dystocias
-prolinged births
-less vigorous calf with also result in AMB (heifers)
 High incidence of AMB can stem from poor condition of cows

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20
Q

hypothermia

A

 A calf within first 2-3 hours is unable to regulate body temp very well
 Even a normal calf can become hypothermic quickly
 Chilled calves will not be able to get up, suckle and make use of colostrum
-calves less then 35 degrees C. cold body, no suck reflex. normal is 37.8 C
 Tube with 1-2 litres of warm colostrum
 Place in warm room or “hot box”
 Hot water baths are essential for calves less
than 26 C (80 F)
 Warm fluids IV,

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21
Q

how to decrease infection pressure

A

-dont confine herd, seperate wintering and calving areas.
-snow removal and bedding
-seperate nursery for pairs
-creep areas or calf condos
-quarantine of diarrheic calves

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22
Q

failure of passive transfer of immunity

A

 level of adequate colostrum should be > 24 g/dl
-measure 1-7 d old with RID, or total serum protein, or turbidity
-want > 5.8 serum protein to be good, 6.2 to be excellent

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23
Q

colostrum management

A

 A calf needs a minimum of 1-2 litres of colostrum within 4 hours of birth
 Beef cow colostrum contains 150 g of IgG/litre on average
Gut closure begins at 6 hours and
continues until 24-36 hours
 Calves need 80-150 g of
immunoglobulin (1-2 litres of colostrum)
 Normal calves will drink between 1 to 2 litres/feeding

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24
Q

vaccination pre calving

A

 E coli and Rota/Corona virus vaccines
 6 weeks and 2 weeks pre-calving
-increases calf immunity

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25
Q

calf management at “Turn out”

A
  • Clostridial Vaccines (7or 8 way)
  • Initial Histophilus somnus vaccination (optional)
  • Other respiratory vaccines (optional):
  • Mannheimia hemolytica, P. multocida
  • IBR/PI3/BVD/BRSV
  • (intranasal vaccines as option)
  • Dehorning and castration if required
  • Growth implant for steer calves (heifer calves?)
  • Vitamin E/Selenium injection
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26
Q

*Vaccinations of Cows prior to breeding season

A

Modified live IBR/PI3, BVD, BRSV vaccine
* Campylobacter fetus (Vibrio) (optional)
* Leptospirosis (optional)
* Histophilus somnus (optional)
* Clostridial vaccine booster for heifers! (cows?)

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27
Q

Management of Cow Herd Prior to
Breeding Season

A
  • Fly Tags
  • Body condition score cows
  • Weigh heifers for assessment of target weights
  • Reproductive tract scoring and pelvic
    measurements in heifers?
  • Estrous synchronization for heifers?
  • Bull evaluations +/- Trichomoniasis testing
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28
Q

Objectives of Reproductive Management

A

*High percentage of cows pregnant
*Maximize weaning weights
*Uniform calf crop: short breeding season
* 42-45 days for heifers
* 63 days for cows
*Breed heifers to calve as two year olds
*One calf/cow/yr over 3-5 reproductive
lifetime

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29
Q

gestation legnth and pregnancy breeding

A
  • Fixed gestation length (282 days): Cows must conceive within 85 days of calving
  • Delay in first estrus due to suckling
  • Suckled beef cows do not begin estrous cycles for 40-60 days post calving
  • Conception rate of 60% - 70% maximum
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30
Q

flushing

A

-Feed cows increased energy rations
so that they are gaining weight just prior to
breeding season
*Cows in positive energy balance are more
likely to conceive
*Cow with above average weight gains on
pasture were 2.16 times more likely to be
pregnant

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31
Q

Management Program for Heifers

A

*Raise heifers to reach target weights
* 65% of mature weight at breeding
* 85% of mature weight at calving
* Winter heifers separately
* Feed appropriate ration
* Select heifers from early calvers
-15-20% cow herd replaced each year
-replacements must be calving in first period or
earlier!! (100 day PPI)

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32
Q

first time heifers breeding interval

A
  • The time from calving to cycling (post partum
    interval) lasts 80-100 days for first calf heifers
    In order for first calf heifers to be cycling at the start
    of the next breeding season:
  • Heifers need to calve 0-20 days ahead of the cows, 30 days for momentum!!
    -Therefore heifers need to be cycling by 12-13.7
    months of age
  • (Mean age of puberty is 11.5-14 months)
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33
Q

bulls

A

bull: cow ratio:
yearlings 15-20
2 year olds: 20-30
3+ years: 30-40
-max scrotal surcumference met by 4-6 yr of age
*By 12-14 months of age, bulls should have
reached a minimum scrotal circumference
(32 cm)
-Scrotal circumference is correlated to age of
puberty of female progeny

34
Q

culling cows

A
  • Most cows are not in herd for longer than 11 years
  • Average is 5-6 calves in cow’s lifetime
  • Minimum of 15% of cows are usually replaced
    yearly
  • Primary reason = reproductive failure
  • Other reasons: age, cancer eye, udder problems
35
Q

overwintering beef cows

A

-#1 expense
-extending grazing szn can lower.
-separate groups based on BCS
* Feed analysis for least cost rations
* Methods of feeding may affect wastage
* Target BCS of 2.5-3 at time of calving

36
Q

Increasing Profit in Cow-Calf Herds

A
  • Increasing lbs of calf weaned/cow exposed to bull
  • Biological productivity
  • Reproduction/calf survival (calves weaned/cow)
  • Calf growth (weaning weights)
  • Increasing market value of calves weaned
  • Calf price/lb
  • Reducing expenses of maintaining cow herd
  • Lowering cow costs
  • Feed costs
37
Q

5 Ways Low-Cost Producers Reduce Costs

A
  • Reduce supplemental feed costs
  • Rotational grazing and pasture management
  • Right genetics
  • Reduce labour costs
  • Strong herd health program
38
Q

Monitoring Productivity in the
Cow-Calf Herd gold indicators

A

1 growth: weaning weights, sale weights.
2 open cows: open rate %, usually 7%
3 Length of calving period, usually 63 days
4 death loss: usually >4%

39
Q

Calf crop %

A
  • Overall measure of biological productivity
  • Reflects management of reproduction and calf
    mortality
  • Requires only simple inventories
  • Target of 85%
    -lbs calf crop %
40
Q

Weaning Weights

A
  • Can be used as a measure of a cow’s producing ability
  • Can also be used as a measure of the sire’s genetic
    potential
  • However can be misleading:
  • Bull calves > heifer calves
  • Calves from cows > Calves from heifers
  • Older calves > younger calves
41
Q

Adjusted Weaning Weights

A

-Simplest form simply adjusts for age of calves
* Estimates a weaning weight as if all calves were
weaned at 200 or 205 days of age
* ADG = (Weaning Wt - Birth Wt)/Age of calf
* 200 day Adjusted Wt = ADG x 200 + Birth Wt.
* “Artificial” number
* Give “unfair” advantage to late calving cows
-can adjust sex

42
Q

DNA testing

A

-linked to production records!
* Present Cost is $12-$20/sample
* Generally a parentage panel using 120 SNPS to determine which bull sired a calf
* Tests can be done on blood or hair follicles
* Genetic tests can be done to identify breed composition for breeding decisions in commercial cross-bred herds to improve hybrid vigour

43
Q

viral vaccines killed

A

*IBR, PI3, BRSV, BVD 1 & 2
* Triangle 5 (Boehringer)
* Vira-Shield 6 (Elanco)
* Cattlemaster Gold FP 5 (Zoetis)

44
Q

Respiratory Bacterial Vaccines

A
  • Mannheimia hemolytica, Pasteurella multocida
    *Can be in combination with virals
45
Q

calving/ branding protocols

A
  • Calving
  • Weigh and tag calves
  • Vitamin E/Selenium
  • Branding (Pasture Turnout)
  • 7-way Clostridial +/- H. Somnus
  • Mannheimia hemolytica*
  • IBR, BRSV, PI3, BVD vaccine*
  • Intranasal vaccines vs Injectable*
  • Growth implant
  • Castrate
  • Dehorn
46
Q

weaning calves fall vaccines

A

IBR/PI3/BVD/BRSV (modified live virus)
* *Pasteurella multocida/Mannheimia hemolytica
* 7-way Clostridial +/- H. somnus
* Pour on endectocide (Ivomec, Cydectin,
Dectomax)
* Weigh for weaning weights

47
Q

pregnancy exam

A
  • Bred Heifers:
  • Pour-on endectocide
  • 1st dose of scour vaccine (E coli, Rota, Corona)
  • Mature Cows:
  • Pour-on endectocide or other form of lice control
  • Identify culls
  • Open
  • Bad udders
  • Temperament
  • Feet and legs
48
Q

pre calving vaccination

A
  • Cows
  • Scour vaccine (Rota/Corona virus/E coli)
  • Vitamin AD? (Could be included in ration if appropriate?)
  • Heifers
  • 2nd dose of scour vaccine
  • Vitamin AD?
49
Q

3 parts of feedlot management

A

*Fiscal Strategy: facillites, land for manure, livestock financing, operating capital
*Livestock Inventory Control
*Technical Aspects of Feeding Cattle

50
Q

What determines the price of a weaned calf?

A
  • Demand!
  • Gender:
  • Price for male calves > Price for female calves
  • Due to feed efficiency advantage
  • Weight:
  • Lighter calves tend to cost more $/cwt (Weight breaks)
  • However, despite these price differences the heavier calf is still worth more total $
  • Quality:
  • Castration status – Steers > Bulls
  • Horns, frozen ears, body condition, previous vaccinations etc.
  • Breed type?
  • Size of group:
  • Cow-calf producer takes calves to auction market and are those calves are sorted into sales
    lots by gender, weight and breed type
  • If an owner brings a large group of uniform calves and these can be sold together as a large
    group because they are all the same weight
    -small 2-10 groups common, lower price
51
Q

What is “yardage”?

A
  • Daily non-feed costs not associated with ownership
    of cattle
  • Fixed costs – taxes, insurance, depreciation on facilities
  • Non-feed operating costs – fuel, utilities, office, repairs,
    labor etc.
  • Think of it as the “hotel” charges for a feedlot to
    operate
  • Typically charged as $/head/day
  • Feed costs, medicine/vaccine costs, bedding costs are
    often charged separately or in addition to yardage
52
Q

risk aversion in feelots

A
  • Feedlot must continue to operate even when profit can’t be
    projected
  • Some strategies available to mitigate risk of losses:
    1. Increasing the custom feeding proportion of cattle
    2. Forward contracting to packer
    3. Forward contracting grain prices
    4. Hedging – using commodity futures on Chicago Mercantile Exchange
53
Q

step up rations

A
  • A simple solution for dealing with many types of cattle and feed sources etc.
  • Series of rations (8-10) formulated to specific nutrient requirements
  • Consistent increase in energy content
  • Each step up = approximate substitution of 10% grain for 10% silage
  • Natural progression of energy levels
  • Allows adaptation of rumen organisms
  • 3-5 days minimum at each step
  • Progress to 85% concentrate finishing ration
  • Can predict performance based on energy/protein level
  • Can accommodate least cost formulation
  • Simple enough for day to day application
54
Q

Management of Step-Up Rations

A

-Cattle are fed “ad-libitum”
* Get cattle on full feed, keep them there and avoid rumen acidosis
* Individual at feedlot designated as “bunk-reader”
* Evaluates amount of feed consumed and gives instructions for daily
feeding
* Looks at each bunk early in the morning
* “slick bunk” – no feed left over at all
* Makes decisions regarding what should be fed
* Amount to be fed and which ration

55
Q

processing at feedlot

A
  • Should be done as quickly as possible after arrival 12-24 hrs, delays can lead to disease
  • Processing protocols will be “risk class specific” and “feedlot specific”
  • The amount of time it takes to “fill” a pen will affect the risk
  • Slower fill = greater risk
  • Identification
  • Vaccinations: IBR/PI3/BVD/BRSV Modified live vaccines
  • Mannheimia hemolytica
  • Histophilus somnus
  • Clostridial bacterin
  • Early Treatment/Prevention of BRD – “Metaphylaxis”
  • Parasite Control Products
  • Implanting
  • Castration/Dehorning
  • Quality Assurance
  • Injection sites/changing needles/ withdrawal times etc.
56
Q

Animal Health Issues in Feedlot Cattle

A
  • Three major categories of health issues:
  • Bovine Respiratory Disease: Mostly occurs early in the feeding period
  • Lameness: Can occur throughout feeding period dependent on cause
  • Nutritional-related diseases (bloat, acidosis: Mostly occurs later in the feeding period
57
Q

Bovine respiratory disease

A
  • Most important disease concern in feedlot cattle!!!
  • Cattle are often grouped into “risk categories” based on their “risk factors”
  • Weaning
  • Age/weight (younger/lighter = higher risk)
  • Mixing – auction market vs ranch direct
  • Transportation
  • Weather
  • Gender
  • Vaccination history
  • Previous exposure to bunks and feed
  • Other management factors: castration, preg
58
Q

Some basics of BRD

A
  • Morbidity and mortality are dependent on the combination of risk
    factors present
  • Morbidity peaks within the first 7-10 days for auction market calves
  • Morbidity can approach 35-50%
  • Case fatality is 5-10%
  • Many calves arrive at the feedlot already incubating disease
59
Q

BRD management solutions

A

-vaccination at time of arrival: reduces disease it peaks first 7-10 days.

-prevaccination: eduction in disease but doesn’t mitigate all other risk factors
* There are specific sales and programs for pre-vaccinated calves

-Preconditioning: * A step beyond pre-vaccination, preconditioned calves are:
* Weaned for a minimum of 45 days prior to sale or shipmen

  • Cow-calf producer benefits from increased sale weight and a premium price
  • Preconditioning programs were much more commonplace in the 80’s and 90’s
  • Challenges included:
  • low numbers of pre-conditioned calves available
  • Price premiums not always enough for cow-calf producer
  • Purchase price vs BRD risk dilemma
60
Q

Metaphylaxis

A
  • Administration of an injectable long acting antimicrobial to control BRD upon arrival
  • Provides treatment of early cases already incubating disease
  • Provides prophylaxis to cases that may develop in the next few days

-Many antimicrobials have label claims for metaphylaxis
* Long acting macrolides= Tulathromycin (Draxxin)

  • Major economic and animal welfare benefit in terms of close to 50% reduction in treatments and significant drops in mortality
  • Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens are the concerns that are often raised
61
Q

Factors in Choosing Metaphylaxis

A

Expected disease risk (High risk, ultra high risk calves)
* Risk tolerance of the owner: For disease, death and chronics
* Product efficacy based on clinical trial data
* Labour availability and skill
* Cost of treatment and cost of mortality
* Cost of the metaphylaxis program

62
Q

toe-tip necrosis

A
  • Unknown cause
  • Occasionally occurs in outbreaks of feedlot calves
    from one source farm or auction yard
  • Often severely lame after arrival at feedyard
  • May be simply due to severe abrasion of toe during
    handling
  • Treatment is unrewarding= culled animals
    Primarily hind feet affected
  • Infection usually with environmental bacteria (E. coli, Trueperella pyogenes)
  • More common in “excitable or wild” animals
  • Excessive wear on apical white line at toe-tip
  • Ascending infection
63
Q

Nutritional Diseases and Grain fed cattle

A
  • Finishing rations can often contain close to 90% grain
  • If not managed well, you can create significant health issues because of acidosis
  • Moving cattle to quickly up a step-up program
  • Delivering wrong ration to cattle
  • Failing to keep feed available at all times to cattle
  • Liver abscesses, Post-venal caval thrombosis, laminitis,
    mycotic rumenitis are all potential sequelae to rumen
    acidosis
  • Ionophores are an important additive that helps with the
    management of bloat and acidosis
64
Q

Ionophores

A

-very wide spread use in almost all feedlot rations
* They effect the cell membranes of specific rumen microbes and change the microbial flora of the rumen
* ex. Rumensin (monensin)
* No prescription required if fed at label dosage and not in
combination with other products

EFFECTS:
* Decrease feed intake (3%)
* Changes the protozoa population of the rumen

  • Improve F/G & Improved ADG (2% - 7%)*****
    Increase propionate
  • Reduce acetate, methane, hydrogen ion and lactate
    production
  • Slower rate of food passage
  • Reduced protein degradation in the rumen
  • Aids in the control of coccidiosis***
  • Reduces the incidence of bloat***
65
Q

Hormone Feed Additives

A
  • Melengestrol Acetate (MGA Premix)
  • MGA - 125 X progesterone activity:
    -PREVENTS ESTRUS
  • Stabilizes follicles on the ovary
  • Reduces plasma cortisol
  • Metabolized to an androgen
  • ADG increased & F/G improved***
  • Used in feedlot heifers to prevent estrus
  • Occasionally used to synchronize estrus in breeding
    animals
  • Not approved for concurrent use with hormone implants
  • 24 hour withdrawal prior to slaughter
66
Q

Antimicrobials as Feed Additives

A
  • used over 40 yrs. Antibiotics can cause significant changes in rumen flora resulting in growth benefits as well
  • However, growth promotion claims are all ELIMINATED
  • Antimicrobial resistance concerns are becoming more significant!
  • All antimicrobials in feed now require a veterinary feed prescription!
  • Primary use in feedlot cattle would be antibiotics in feed to prevent liver abscesses
    -ones used: tylosin, choletetracycline, oxytetra.
  • Chlortetracycline + sulfamethazine:
  • Prevention of foot rot
  • Reduction of bloat
  • Maintenance of weight gains
    -some tetras at high doses prevent histopholis or resp disease
67
Q

Tylosin and Liver Abscesses

A
  • 40-70% reduction in abscesses
  • Improved ADG by 2.1%
  • Improved feed efficiency by 2.6%
68
Q

Growth Promotants b agonists

A

Beta Agonists:
* Clenbuterol (illegal)- Not used in beef industry
* Ractopamine: Optaflexx, Actogain 100, Ractopamine 100

  • True repartitioning agents:
  • Orally active
  • Reduce carcass lipid 15%- 40%
  • Cattle close to market weight would typically become
    less efficient as they produce less muscle and more fat
  • Beta-agonists increase weight gain, ribeye area, total
    red meat yield
69
Q

What do Beta Agonists do?

A
  • Repartitioning agents***
  • Alter body tissue deposition: Increase protein and decrease fat **
  • Direct mode of action
  • Chronic exposure to beta-agonists causes receptor desensitization
  • Therefore these are added to feed at end of feeding period for short period of time (30 days)
  • Responses are not permanent!:
  • Zilmax withdrawal should not exceed 10 days
  • Optaflexx (24-48 hour withdrawal is optimal
70
Q

hormonal growth implants

A
  • Drug delivery system:
    ▪ Compressed tablets or pellets
    ▪ 60% - 80% drug (hormone) lactose, cholesterol, polyethylene glycol.
    -low oral BV, slow release, in an inedible part of animal. safe
    -two catagorites are: estrogenic or androgenic
71
Q

implant types

A

ESTROGENIC
* Estradiol -17 Beta
* Estradiol Benzoate
* ZeranoL: ralgro** produced from zeralonone a product of Fusarium spp. of fungus. slightly less anabolic, estrogenic, and dose not bind to muscle tissue like estrogen. USED IN EITHER SEX

ANDROGENIC
* Testosterone
* Trenbolone Acetate
* Progesterone

72
Q

mode of action different growth implant hormones

A

-ZERANOL (ralrow) and estrogen do the same mode of actions
* Increase Growth Hormone
* Increase Somatomedins
* Increase Insulin
* Reduce Cortisol

-ANDROGEN:
*Increase somatomedins
*Increase calpistatin
*Increase mitosis
*Increase structural and
enzymatic proteins
*Reduce cortisol
*Reduce thyroxin

73
Q

Buller Steer Syndrome

A
  • Behavioural trait where steers are persistently ridden by penmates
  • Ridden animal is referred to as a “buller”
  • Animals doing the riding are referred to as “riders”
  • Bullers become exhausted, show loss of hair, swelling and trauma on rump and tail head, suffer severe musculoskeletal injuries
  • Usual treatment is simply removing the animal from the pen and placing it in a convalescent pen
  • Can sometimes be re-introduced
74
Q

Implant Effects on Behaviour

A

Bullers
*1%-6% incidence common in US feedlots
*Implants involved TBA > Estradiol > Zeranol > No implant
*“Stacking” implants – re-implanting too soon after previous implant

implant problems could contribute:
* Riders:
* crushed implants
* separated implants
* bunched implants
* implants too close to the head

  • Bullers:
  • missing implants
  • partial implants
  • implants in the cartilage
  • walled off implants
  • abscessed implants
75
Q

bull steer syndrome stats

A

2-4% incidence common in feedlots (up to 11%)
* More common in larger pens (social dominance?)
* More common early in feeding period or after mixing
* More common in cattle that are implanted with androgenic implants
* Bullers are 2.5 times more likely to get sick
* Bullers are 3.2 times more likely to die
* Economic losses estimated at $23.68 U.S. per buller

76
Q

Beef Cattle and GHG Emissions
3 ways

A

-carbon dioxide: burning fossil fuels, crop porduction ect.

-methane: in animal and in manure, 5% emmisions. fooddigestion in the GI tract is the largest contributor 60%
methane is more potent than CO2 but broken down faster

-nitrous oxode: 25% total emissions from canadian beef. dont want excess protien.

77
Q

cost of gain

A

-costs associated with feeding calf until it reaches slaughter weight

-include: cost of feeder cattle, feed costs, health costs, yardage, freight, bedding, interest.

-the sum of these costs/ total projected weight gain = COST OF GAIN COG

78
Q

On the rail

A
  • Price paid on a carcass basis
79
Q

grid pricing

A
  • Packers may buy cattle on a carcass basis with bonuses and penalties based
    on carcass characteristics such as quality grade, marbling score etc.
80
Q

custom feeding

A
  • Custom Feeding provides a “guaranteed” cash flow for
    the feedlot owner
  • Custom Feeding lowers Risk compared to ownership
    -two options:
    1. Investing or owning a group of cattle
    2. Feeding a group of cattle for other investors/customers

-customer owns cattle, takes risk on market, morbidity and mortality. feedlot charges. when marketed to packer the customer gets a cheque.

animal production (7 decks)

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