exam 3 dairy Flashcards
two supply systems in dairy industry
-free market: price determined by supply and demand: new zeland. goverment subsidides.
-supply-maneged: canada, milk production set to meet domestic needs, controlled by quotas, price reflects cost of production, arims for fair price for farmer.
SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
– Response to market instability:
– Provincial boards had greater leverage
– Only within province
– Canadian Dairy Commission: 1969
* Managing supply needed with large number of producers
* Overview of system:
– Planned domestic production
– Administering pricing
– Import controls
milk quota types
The producer gains the right to sell a
specified amount of milk for a pre-
agreed price
* Milk quota is calculated by
production of butterfat
* Types of quota:
– Fluid: Provincially controlled to meet
demand of fresh milk
– Market share: Federally set, provincially administered for manufacturing
how does the quota system work and =
-producers pay to cover administration of system
-* Continuous quota: Producers either in positive or negative credit (over- or
under-production)
* # of credit days = (actual butterfat production – monthly quota)/daily quota
* > 0 positive credit days: no $$$
* > 15 negative credit days: cannot recoup lost credit days (i.e. lose quota
-there can be transfer of credits
transfer of credit in quota
-allows flexibility between producers
-maintains provincial production
-cannot transfer beyond legal limits
-incentive days: occur when milk supply low, extra credits are provided. allows for increased production without running into positive limits.
buying/ selling quota 2 ways
-private sales: entire quota must be sold to a single individual.
-no prducer may possess >4$ of provincial quota
-transfer exchange: operated by sask milk, offers to sell and buy at prices requested by producers, board establish market price.
food safety
-there’s a proAction food safety module: HACCP program which is mandatory to produce milk. need to record milk temp in tank and after milking.
-critical control points are: milking and treating animals, cooling and storage of milk, shipping animals.
-objectives: prevent pathogens and pharmaceuticals from entering food.
milk quality testing
- Testing each pickup from farm
- Negative for veterinary drug residues
and antimicrobial substances - Aerobic Bacteria count (Standard plate
count/SPC) < 50,000 cfu/ml - SCC < 400,000 cells/ml
- Freezing point < -0.525°C
ANTIMICROBIAL USE AND RESISTANCE
- Extralabel use only with written
vet directions (proAction
food safety module) - AMR surveillance (Canadian Dairy
Network for Antimicrobial
Stewardship and Resistance –
CaDNetASR
-they are often changing/ resistant in antimicrobials
animal welfare categories
- Code of practice, proAction Animal Care and Biosecurity Module
- Categories
- Housing
- Feed and water
- Animal health and biosecurity
- Handling and shipping animals
- Staff training and communication
- Formal welfare audits – scheduled and random
dairy and the environment
-efficiency is key: higher production lower GHG/kg milk.
-proAction environmental model: environmental farm plan (elaluate farm), soil health, gases, biodiversity, silage seepage and plastic waste questionaire.
-water, manure and soil nutrients management.
-we have lowered the carbon footprint in canada by half.
lactating cows breeding date, energy use while lactating
-calve at 22 or 24 months of age and start lactation
-breeding from 60 days in milk DIM (days after they calved)
-lactation until 60 days before milking at 300-360 DIM.
-dry period 60 days.
-they dont eat as much as they produce so use body reserves in early lactation, at peak they maintain diet and output. as they go through lactation milk decreases and body stores are maintaines then they are dried off before calving to reset for a few months.
body condition scores
-determine body reserves
-important for: nurtrition, repro, post-partum diseases, milk production
-take action if BCS less than 2. (thin)
-1-5 scale. 3 is average.
housing during lactation
- Free-stalls:
- Most common system
- North America and Europe
- Tie-stalls: Welfare concerns, becoming unpopular with producers
- Pasture: New Zealand
- Bedding packs:
- Low initial cost, high maintenance
milking machine
-it must minimize: trauma to mammary tissue and pathogen spread between animals.
-milked under a vacuum
-pulsation prevents damage to the teat end.
-tie stall they milk in stall
-milk parlour (can be static, rotary or robotic)
Why do dry period
-to prepare for parturition
* Cell turnover in mammary gland
* Colostrum production
* Dry period typically 60 day
-shorter dry periods due to high milk production: >40 days.
how to dry calves off
-abrupt: stopping immediately, discomfort issues, less risk of mastitis.
-gradual: less discomfort but higher risk of mastitis.
-do not remove or major change feed
-water: always available.
bull calves
-replacement heifers are critical
-bulls are commonly raised for beef, cross breeding for better beef.
-sexed Holstein semen is now sold and Holstein heifer is born.
-lower genetic animals we breed to beef semen and get calves for beef produciton.
milking cows three times a day
-increases dairy production
-most common dry period length is 60 days.
what are components of dairy cow diets
-Symbiosis between cow nutrition and
rumen microbial health.
* Fibre sources: Milk fat production (e.g., Alfalfa silage, pea silage, Grass
silage).
* Grains: Gluconeogenesis (e.g., Barley (grows better in cold than corn so more barley in canada) Corn).
* Some feeds provide both grain and
fibre (e.g., Corn silage, Barley silage)
making a balanced feed ration
-dry matter intake= critical for milk production
* DMI vs. milk production rules of thumb:
* 6kg “tax” for Holsteins (4.5kg for Jerseys) they need to eat this a day to stay alive.
* Remaining intake x 2 = milk yield.
example:
* Holstein, 25kg DMI/day: -6kg tax
* 19kg for milk production x 2=
* 38kg/day milk produced
dairy feeding system rations and what increases or decreases milk production
-important to get the ration to the cows.
-three diet concepts: formualted, delivered, consumed.
-if they calve later they produce less milk.
-more stalls per cow, more milk, eating more.
-pushing up feed back into bunk after they push it out-3.8 kg more milk
-feed refusals (if feed still in bunks when you go to feed again, cows are full and dont eat all the feed in bunk so they eat more= 1.6 kg more
component feeding system
-Ad-lib feeding of forage
* Concentrates fed separately (grain fed in milking parlor) with computer feeders but increases rumen pH from eating fast and can lead to grain overload.
total mixed ration system
- All feed components mixed to form TMR: better for decreasing rumen pH fluctuations.
- “PMR”: partial mixed ration (Some grain fed in parlor as incentive, less pH drop)
- Composition of diet tightly regulated
- Appropriate mixing critical:
- Inadequate mixing: sorting and rumen pH fluctuations
- Overmixing: leads to small particles leading to grain overload and/or frothy bloat
importance of calving
- Calving required for lactation
- Impact on genetic improvement through
shorter generation intervals - Consistent calving distribution:
- Required for constant supply of milk (quota)
- More animals close to peak
- Calves provide:
- Replacement heifers
- Breeding bulls
ideal length and
-ideal 1 calf / year
-negative energy balance days 0-60 lactation.
-305 days of lactation left and 280 days gestation
-25 days to get them pregnant
