FCELL- acetyl CoA, mitochondria and oxygen

Question 1

outline the fate of pyruvate

Answer 1

glucose to pyruvate to lactate via glycolysis

Question 2

outline aerobic respiration

Answer 2

occurs in the presence of oxygen, yields more ATP, requires the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
takes place in the mitochondria

Question 3

outline the regulation of the TCA cycle

Answer 3

formation of acetyl coa is irreversible
enzyme involved is pyruvate dehydrogenase
inhibited by NADH and acetyl CoA- Also regulated by a kinase and phosphatase
in muscles PD is stimulated by calcium
in liver adrenaline increases calcium through activation of alpha adrenergic receptors and IP3

Question 4

outline beriberi

Answer 4

deficiency in thiamine
common where rice is a staple
characterised by cardiac and neurological symptoms

Question 5

where do NADH and FADH2 produces in the TCA cycle end up

Answer 5

ETC

Question 6

outline heat generation in the new born

Answer 6

white fat is filled with lipids
brown fat is filled with mitochondria

in brown fat UCP1 (uncoupling protein)- diverts H+ away from the gradient back across the membrane to generate heat

Question 7

give an overview of the ETC

Answer 7

hydrogen ions are pumped across the IMM which forms an electrochemical gradient

this gradient (PMF) is used to synthesise ATP via ATP synthase

oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis are normally tightly linked

regulated uncoupling leads to the generation of heat

Question 8

what are OCPHOS diseases

Answer 8

common degenerative diseases

caused by a mutation in gene encoding proteins of the ETC

symptoms include fatigue, epilepsy and dementia

dependent on the mutation symptoms can be evident in near birth or adulthood

metabolic consequence can be congential lactic acidosis