Fatty Acids Flashcards
What are fatty acids stored as?
Triglyceride
What are triglycerides made up of?
1 Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
How many bonds is saturated?
1 (tight)
What EAA is omega-6 fatty acid
Linoleic Acid
What EAA is omega-3 fatty acid
Alpha-Linolenic acid
Linoleic acids are commonly found in what food sources
Plants
Linoleic Acid (LA) is found in what
Veggie and Safflower Oil
a-Linoleic Acid (ALA) is found where
Green leafy veggies
Flax and Chia Seeds
Canola, Walnut and Soybean oils
EPA and DHA are what type of fatty acid?
Omega-3
EPA and DHA are found from what source?
Marine
-oily fish
-krill oil
-algae oil
Unsaturated has what type of bond?
Double Bonds
What type of fatty acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid where the first double bond is between 3rd and 4th carbon atom of the methyl/omega end of the fatty acid?
Omega-3
What are omega-3 s
ALA
DHA
EPA
What are omega 6
Linolenic Acid
EPA carbons, double bonds
20:5 n-3
20 Carbons
5 DB
First DB at C3
DHA carbons, double bonds
22:6 n-3
22 carbon
6 DB
First DB at C3
ALA carbons, double bonds
18:3
18 carbons
3 DB
First DB at C3
What is a polyunsaturated fatty acids where the first double bond is located between 6th and 7th carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid
Omega-6
Linoleic Acid (LA) carbons and double bonds?
18:2 n-6
18 carbons
2 double bonds
First DB at C6
Arachidonic Acid (AA) carbons and DB?
Omega
20:4 n-6
20 carbons
4 DB
First DB at C6
Can humans synthesize longer omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids from the EAA?
Yes through a series of desaturation and elongation reactions
LA goes up (6)
ALA goes u[ to EPA then DHA (3)
Desaturation
Addition of a double bond between 2 carbon atoms
Elongation
Addition of two carbon atoms
3 Roles of Omega-3 x3
Components of Phospholipids (increase membrane order)
Precursors for anti-inflam molecules
Cardiovascilar benefits
What are the 3 anti-inflam molecules
Resolvins
Protectins
Maresins
RDS or AI for ALA
AI adequate intake
AI ALA 0-12 month
0.5g/day
AI ALA 1-3 years
0.7g/day
AI ALA 4-8 years
0.8 g/day
AI ALA 9-13 boys
1.2 g/day
AI ALA 9-13 girls
1.0 g/day
AI ALA 14-18 boys
1.6 g/day
AI ALA 14-18 girls
1.1 g/day
Adults AI ALA 19+ men
1.6 g/day
Adult AI ALA 19+ Women
1.1 g/day
American Heart Association servings of oily fish per week?
2 servings
What is the omega-3 index?
The level of EPA and DHA is erythrocyte phospholipids to determine the risk for coronary heart disease
Less than 4% on omega 3 index?
High risk
4-8% on omega 3 index?
Moderate Risk
Greater than 8% on omega 3 index?
Lowest risk
Is the omega 3 index reliable why or why not x2?
Not really
Low-level evidence
-Case-control studies (correlative)
-Risk categories may not generalize to other population
Primary versus secondary prevention
Primary is the usual risk pop
Secondary is known risk (ESTABLISHED)
What have new studies shown about omega-3 in CHD?
Those who have CHD have shown more benefit with omega -3
What is the servings per week based new research?
1.5 servings/week
-more risk = more benefoit
Cochrane review is what and proved what in omega-3 use?
Gold Standard , most recent meta-analysis
No change in recommendations regarding supplementations
Omega-3 Literatrure limitation x4
1)Support for omega-2 benefit comes from low quality studies
-Cross sectional and case control are the most (highest are systematic and meta-analysis)
2)Issue with control pills (strong fishy taste and can tell the difference)
3)Analyses are not controlled (protien consumption, education, Social ecnomci status)
4)Generalizability
-Secondary prevention populations usually tested (compared to somebody who is active)
-No standard dose (EPA and DHA have different effects)
Omega-3 increased EPA and DHA composition in what after 2 weeks? and what is the benefit
Skeletal Muscle
-Increases membrane order (sensitizes to EAA, increasing AA) EPA
-Increases Mitochondria and therefore enegry (glucose) DHA
The increases AA and Insulin (due to glucose) infusion as a result of omega-3 (fish oil) does what?
Increases muscle protein synthesis
In what age group do we see omega-3 increases skeletal muscle mass and strength
Older adults
-Increased mito gene expression
Given krill Oil
Omega-3 fatty acid enhance exercised-induced increases in muscle QUALITY in who?
Older WOMEN
NOT MEN
Omega-3 fatty acids of what amount may contribute to muscle mass gain and improved walking speed?
2g/day
True or False Omega-3 fatty acids intake can have a protecting effect against muscle DISUSE atrophy
True
