FAtty Acid Biosynthesis

Question 1

1. Know how fatty acids are categorized chemically, how they are named and basic features of fatty acids.

Answer 1

two conventions. If u are using omega to point to double bond it counts backward from the last methyl
If u are using the paretheses u say how many carbons, how many double bonds, and what carbons they are located on counting the other direction (20:4(5,8,11,14))

cis create kinks.

Question 2

2. Know the sources of carbons used in fatty acid biosynthesis and explain why these substrates are diverted to this pathway in states of energy excess.

Answer 2

acetyl coa, too much ATP which will inhibit Iso citrate dehydrogense

Question 3

3. Describe the key steps and intermediates in the pathway of fatty acid biosynthesis.

Answer 3

citrate is diverted out of the nucleus where it then is split into OAA, and Acetyl COA.

The rate limiting step is the conversion of acetylcoa to malonyl coa by acetyl coa carboxylase.
+ citrate
+insulin
-glucagon
- long chain fatty acids. an acetyl coa and a malonyl coa start the first reaction, and then malonyl coa is continued until a 16 carbon moelcule is produced.

Fatty acid synthase does the 2 carbon addition chenistry

Question 4

4. Describe the key regulatory steps and enzymes in fatty acid biosynthesis.

Answer 4

regulation happens at acetyl coa carboxylase and isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 5

5. Explain the process of fatty acid storage.

Answer 5

a glycerol phosphate has three fatty acids added to it acyl transferase, and u phosphatase dephosphorylates it to allow it to accept the final one

Question 6

6. Explain fatty liver diseases resulted from chronic alcoholism

Answer 6

chronic alcoholism causing hyperlipidemia in liver and blood.

1. ethanol is converted to fatty acid
2. ethanol metabolism makes NADH which slows TCA and B-oxidation which promotes formation of TAGS
3. damage to the liver from the alcohol will lower production APO-100) the main structural protein of VLDL and then TAGS cant be exported
4. fat builds up in the liver

Question 7

what are the two essential fatty acids

Answer 7

linoleic acid- omega 6- arachadonic acid precursor

linolenic acid- omega 3– groeth and development

Question 8

what are the fates of palmitic acid

Answer 8

it can get elongated in golgi or mitochondria by FA elongases

it can get desaturated in the ER by mixed function oxidases

it can be made into TAG’s and other lipids

Question 9

long term regulation of FA synthesis

Answer 9

gene transcription–> increase in acetyl coa carboxylases and fatty acid synthase.

fasting will cause the opposite phenomenon