Fat Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

What were the last group of dietary essentials to be recognized

Answer 1

Vitamins

Question 2

Who stated “Diseases like rickets and scurvy are very likely caused by a lack in the diet of very tiny, even trace amounts of substances which he referred to as “accessory food factors.”

Answer 2

Frederick Hopkins

Question 3

Who is the Father of Vitamin Research who introduced the term “vitamine”

Answer 3

Casimir Funk

Question 4

Organic substances required in tiny amounts to promote one or more specific and essential biochemical reactions within the cell that regulates normal body metabolism

Answer 4

vitamins

Question 5

6 Properties of Vitamins

Answer 5

• organic components of natural foods
• present in food in minute amounts
• essential for development of normal tissue
• when absent from the diet or not properly absorbed or utilized
• cannot be synthesized by the animal

Question 6

There is no _____ in plants but there are _____ ____, referred to as ____ which are found in ____, ____, ____.

Answer 6

Vitamin A
Vitamin A precursors
fresh green plants, fruits, vegetables

Question 7

4 Functions of Vitamin A

Answer 7

• required for normal bone growth
• maintains health of epithelial tissues that line or cover body surfaces or cavities (respiratory, urogenital, gastrointestinal lining)
• required for normal night vision
• antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties (prevents “free radicals” formation)

Question 8

3 Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin A

Answer 8

• night blindness
• xeropthalmia
• poor growth
• reproductive failures (abortions, reduced egg production and hatchability)

Question 9

Sources of carotenoids and Vitamin A

Answer 9

B Carotene:

• green leafy vegetables and yellow vegetables
• fresh pasture, green chop

Question 10

Factors that decrease carotene content (also degrade vitamin A)

Answer 10

• UV light (sunlight)
• ensiling
• heat
• oxygen
• mold

Question 11

____ milk is high in vitamin A

Answer 11

colostrum

Question 12

pure vitamin A

Answer 12

retinol

Question 13

retinol

Answer 13

chemically unstable so it is best to supplement a synthetic form bound to a volatile fatty acid such as acetic acid

Question 14

long term ingestion of large amounts may result in toxic symptoms

Answer 14

• anorexia
• weight loss
• skin thickening
• scaly dermatitis
• swelling and crusting of eyelids
• hemorrhaging
• decreased bone strength and eventually death

Question 15

Vitamin D was discovered to be high in ____ ____ ___

Answer 15

cod liver oil

Question 16

several sterols have biological vitamin D activity but only two are of major importance

Answer 16

ergosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol

Question 17

ergosterol

Answer 17

the chief plant source as growing plants do not contain vitamin D

Question 18

vitamin D is referred to as the….

Answer 18

sunshine vitamin

Question 19

exposure of harvested green forage to sunlight for several hours converts ergosterol to…

Answer 19

vitamin D2

Question 20

7-dehydrocholesterol

Answer 20

found in animal tissues (in the skin)

Question 21

exposure of animals to sunlight for a few minutes a day converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to…

Answer 21

D3

Question 22

Conversion of vitamins D2 and D3 to physiologically active form

Answer 22

in the liver – converted to 25 hydroxy D3, in the kidney it is converted to I, 25 dihydroxy D3 (physiologically active form)

Question 23

functions of vitamin D in its active form (I, 25 D3)

Answer 23

• enhances Ca absorption from the small intestine, essential for normal bone growth and development
• enhances mineralization of bones

Question 24

symptoms of vitamin D deficiency

Answer 24

• rickets (children), osteoporosis or osteomalacia (adults)

- soft egg shells and reduced egg production

Question 25

sources of vitamin D

feed sources:

Answer 25

• sun-cured hay
• irradiated yeast
• fish liver oils

Question 26

vitamin D toxicity

Answer 26

• decalcification of skeletal tissue
• calcification of soft tissue
• decreased appetite along with nausea and headaches

Question 27

the most commercially available vitamin E is…

Answer 27

tocopherol acetate which is more chemically stable

Question 28

3 functions of vitamin E

Answer 28

• as an antioxidant, vitamin E ties up excess O2 in oil containing feeds and in the animal body (this action prevents oxidative breakdown of cell membrane fatty acids, thereby maintaining the integrity of cellular membranes
• muscle structure
• reproduction (may enhance fertility)

Question 29

deficiency symptoms of vitamin E

Answer 29

• muscle dystrophy

- reproductive failures

Question 30

sources of vitamin E

Answer 30

• whole grains
• vegetable oils
• green forages

Question 31

Vitamin K is really a group of compounds. The most important natural sources are….

Answer 31

phylloquinone (K1) - common in green vegetables
menaquinone (K2) - a product of bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract
menadione (K3) - a synthetic source that is used widely commercially

Question 32

functions of vitamin k

Answer 32

• required for normal blood clotting

- necessary to synthesize prothrombin in the liver

Question 33

vitamin k is not a component of prothrombin but acts on….

Answer 33

enzyme systems involved in prothrombin synthesis.

Question 34

vitamin K is referred to as…

Answer 34

anti-hemorrhage vitamin

Question 35

deficiency symptoms of vitamin K

Answer 35

prolonged blood clotting time and uncontrolled hemorrhaging

Question 36

sources of vitamin K

Answer 36

green forages (alfalfa)
fish meal
synthetic form K3

Question 37

Dicoumarol is found in weather damaged sweet clover hay. If the hay is put in the barn too wet…

Answer 37

• Coumarin, non-toxic mold grows on hay

- dicoumarol, vitamin K antagonist inhibiting blood clotting causes massive internal hemorrhages and death in calves

Question 38

Warfarin

Answer 38

a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K2 which increases clotting time and eventually becomes toxic (rat poison)