Farm urinary Flashcards

Question

What to do if water belly?

Answer 1

Incise skin in multiple sites to produce drainage Necrosis, slough off and re-epithelialise Worse if a lot of S/C fat Bath/spray with salt water regularly Antibiotic cover? House? Fly treatment? Welfare

Answer 2

Urinary acidification - ammonium chloride, acid sodium phosphate Check diet: - check correct mixing - investigate sources of minerals in course mixes - no added Mg - Calcium chloride or ammonium chloride in lamb creep - Ca:P 1.2-2:1 - 1% NaCl in diet, salt blocks? to increase drinking - check/improve access to water

Answer 3

``` Meningitis - e.g. E.coli, Salmonella Check for infected umbilicus, joints Check colostrum - TP Check farm hygiene Treat with antibiotics (tetracycline), NSAIDs/steroids ```

Answer 4

Normal temp CCN Give vitamin B1

Answer 5

Nervous ketosis Test BHOB Treat with propylene glycol, steroids, glucose

Answer 6

Hypomagnesaemia (grass staggers) MgSO4 Prevent with Mg licks, boluses, MgO dressing on pasture, MgCl in water

Answer 7

``` Brainstem Listeriosis Treat with penicillin NSAIDs Remove silage Silage analysis ```

Answer 8

Tetanus Antitoxin and toxoid Antibiotics

Answer 9

Limbs carried = orthopaedic Limbs dragged = neurological Shortened step = orthopaedic Increased step length = neurological

Answer 10

Lead poisoning Pseudorabies (Aujesky's) Rabies BSE

Answer 11

Calves around 1wo that have not had enough colostrum Extension of local infection (sinusitis) or haematogenous - look for another lesion Diarrhoea Fever Anorexia Stiff neck Hyperaesthesia

Answer 12

Castrated bull = steer | Castrated ram = wether

Answer 13

Bulls: 7 months Rams: 4-6 months

Answer 14

For: - safer to handle and manage - prevent unwanted pregnancies - poss better carcass quality: increased fat deposition, taint avoided, reduced chance of dark cutting meat - consumer pressure and tradition Against: - welfare: pain, stress, haemorrhage - reduced growth rates - growth setback at time of castration (earlier the better?) - leaner carcass if entire (better killing out %)

Answer 15

12-15 months old (fattened intensively)

Answer 16

First 7 days for both: rubber rings without local by a competent stock keeper 0-2 months in calves, 0-3 months in lambs: trained lay person aged 16+, no analgesia required Older than 2 months in calves, older than 3 months in lambs: veterinary surgeon, local anaesthetic required

Answer 17

Younger: - less tress? - easier and safer - less risk to animal - less growth setback - easier in some management systems e.g. indoor lambing Older: - more stressful?/ - increased danger to operator - increased risk to animal - better carcass quality? - longer period of high growth rate - easier in some management systems e.g. suckler calves

Answer 18

Rubber rings (<1wo) Bloodless castration "Burdizzo" Open castration "knife" Immuno-castration against LH - future?

Answer 19

Infiltration: spermatic cord +/- subcutaneously into scrotum +/- into testes Procaine 5% + adrenaline: - licensed in cattle (not sheep) - cheap - takes 10-15 min onset and lasts 45-90 mins Other option is epidural anaesthesia: - suitable for bulls or very large calves - 20 min time delay - risk of recumbency - sedation - optional extra for big beasts Use of NSAIDs - should be advocated by vet for analgesia

Answer 20

Common in lambs, sometimes calves Only if <1wo Usually no anaesthesia so painful Stress of castration - interference with colostrum intake, risk of watery mouth etc Ensure both testicles included New rings and clean equipment - tetanus risk otherwise Usually done by farmer

Answer 21

Ideally young calves and lambs only Increased risk of failure in older animals Can be difficult in very small testicules Preferential to surgical in dirtier conditions No chance of haemorrhage Local analgesia - risk of introducing infection but law if >2/3 months Clamp both sides - do not clamp across scrotum Do not include urethra Check in 4-6 weeks for failures

Answer 22

Suitable for any age Benefits: - No uncertainty - Less setback? - Less pain in larger beasts? Risks: - hameorrhage (ensure haemostasis, if happens pack with cotton wool if not too severe, identify spermatic cord and ligate) - herniation (check hernia not present) - infection/abscess at wound site (ensure adequate drainage, clean area to go after) - tetanus (vaccinate) - gut tie (associated with recoil of spermatic cord into abdomen, need laparotomy or slaughter if happens) Method: - restrain well in crush - anaesthesia - wait 10 mins - slit the scrotum and for smaller calves twist and pull to break spermatic cord, in larger calves use emasculators to crush and cut the cord - U shaped incision ensures drainage - antibiotics? LA penicillin or oxytetracycline

Answer 23

Scalpel and No 22 blade Emasculators - serra pattern Newberry knife - slits scrotum with adequate U shaped incision = safer, quicker and better than scalpel Bucket of antiseptic, gloves and cotton wool

Answer 24

Safety to farmer and other animals Younger the better: - less stress for animal and operator (easier to handle) - only do healthy animals - higher chance of 100% success Avoid time of year with flies if possible

Answer 25

Baby calves: hold calf in corner, dehorning crate Older calves: harder to hold, dehorning crate Adults: cattle crush

Answer 26

First day of life (licensed <7do, illegal if >7do) Caustic - 42.7% w/w odium hydroxide Ensure not licked off Separate from cow for 1-2h 1.5h of dry weather Protect site? gaffer tape Code of welfare recommends against use of chemical disbudding

Answer 27

ILLEGAL TO DISBUD OR DEHORN WITHOUT ANAESTHETIC UNLESS USING CHEMICAL DISBUDDER Cornual branch of lachrymal nerve 3-10ml local anaesthetic (age and size) Check not in artery or vein Older cattle may also need to block cornual branch of cervical nerve

Answer 28

``` Restrain Inject local Clip hair and identify horn bud Burn hair/horn junction Rotating action Aim for a clear copper ring ``` If slightly older: - consider xylazine to sedate (vet only) - cut bud first with foot clippers

Answer 29

``` Stressful! Ensure good restraint Ensure good local analgesia: 10ml per side, may need extra block Consider xylazine to sedate Shears/wire/saw Cut at hair/horn junction Control haemorrhage: - grasp vessel with artery forceps, twist and pull, vessel on craniotomy-ventral aspect - cauterise with hot iron - if use wire will cauterise as you cut ```

Answer 30

NSAIDs - meloxicam approved | Check for haemorrhage and induction (sinusitis if enter sinuses) in older animals

Answer 31

Til head to drain Hosepipe in hole to flush out Antibiotic? penicillin, pen/strep

Answer 32

Fractured skulls - shears, too much pressure with disbudder, sharp disbudder Brain trauma/damage - sharp disbudder, too hot disbudder

Answer 33

``` <7do Very large horn buds/germinal area Ideally need larger diameter disbudding iron Thin skulls Require sedation/GA by law in UK No licensed drugs! ```

Answer 34

Horns supplied by cornual branches of both lacrimal and infratrochlear nerves Block cornual branch of lacrimal: midway between lateral canthus and lateral horn base (2-3ml) Block cornual branch of infratrochlear: midway between medial canthus and medial horn base