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4th year > Equine clinical pathology, random, passporting > Flashcards

Equine clinical pathology, random, passporting Flashcards

1
Q

What equine notifiable diseases are there?

A 
Equine Infectious anaemia (EIA)
Equine viral arteritis
Rabies
Vesicular stomatitis
Dourine
Epizootic lymphangitis
Equine viral encephalomyelitis
Glanders
West Nile Virus
African Horse Sickness
Contagious equine metritis
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2
Q

Examples of equine endemic contagious infectious diseases?

A 
Equine herpesviruses 1 and 4
Equine coital exanthema (EHV 3)
Strep equi equi
Rhodococcus equi
Salmonella and Clostridial diarrhoea
Equine influenze
Etc
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3
Q

Zoonotic infections from horses?

A 
Salmonella enterica
CLostridium difficile
Crytosporidium parvum
Rhodococcus equi
MRSA
(Rabies)
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4
Q

Normal horse rectal temperature?

A

36.5 - 38.5C

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5
Q

Define positive and negative predictive values?

A 
PPV = number of positive results that are actually positive
NPV = number of negative results that are actually negative
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6
Q

What is the adiponectin test?

A

= hormone from fat

Concentration can be used for diagnosis of laminitis risk in ponies

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7
Q

What happens with a strangulation obstruction of bowel in horses? How will this be detected by clinical pathology?

A
  1. Water and electrolytes move into the bowel
    - > High PCV (“haemoconcentrated”)
  2. No blood supply to bowel -> anaerobic metabolism, ischaemic necrosis -> increased permeability of blood vessels -> leakage of blood and protein into peritoneal fluid
    - > High lactate in blood/peritoneal fluid (from anaerobic resp)
    - > High RBCs and protein in peritoneal fluid
  3. SIRS -> margination off neutrophils, activation of coagulation, low BP -> poor renal perfusion, reduced GFR
    - > Increased creatinine and urea
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8
Q

How much blood do horses have?

A

8-9% BW

500kg horse has about 40-45L

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9
Q

How to get serum and plasma from a blood sample?

A

Serum: plain tube, allow to clot, centrifuge and take fluid = plasma with the coagulation proteins removed
Plasma: mix with anticoagulant, centrifuge and take fluid

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10
Q

Normal horse PCV?

A

Hot blooded: 32-48

Cold blooded: 24-44

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11
Q

Role of spleen with PCV?

A

Huge reserve of RBCs in spleen
At rest, approx 1/3 RBCs are in the spleen
Exercise/stress -> adrenaline -> spleen contracts and releases RBCs into circulation
Can increase PCV from 30-40% to 50-70% at max exercise

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12
Q

Normal blood smear findings in a horse?

A

Rouleax formation - horses have weaker surface negative charge on RBCs so tend to clump more
Lack of peripheral signs of regeneration (reticulocytes not a reliable sign)

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13
Q

Types and causes of erythrocytosis?

A

Relative: dehydration or splenic contraction
Absolute primary: polycythemia vera
Absolute secondary: chronic hypoxia

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14
Q

Causes of anaemia in horses?

A 
Acute haemorrhage: 
- trauma
Chronic haemorrhage:
- parasites
- gastric ulceration
- guttural pouch mycosis
Intravascular haemolysis:
- immune mediated disease
- intracellular RBC parasites
- plant and chemical poisoning (e.g. red maple leaves, onions, phenothiazine)
- bacterial infections (e.g clostridium)
Extravascular haemolysis:
- fragmentation of RBCs (DIC, vasculitis)
- immune mediated disease (EIA virus, penicillin)
Primary non-regenerative:
- bone marrow disorders
Secondary non-regenerative:
- chronic disease
- lack of erythropoietin, chronic renal failure
- iron deficiency
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15
Q

How to tell if red urine is haemoglobinuria or haematuria?

A

Centrifuge and if Hb stays red???

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16
Q

What is the test for IMHA?

A

Coomb’s test

17
Q

What is neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Mare has been sensitised to a RBC antigen some time in the past: previous foaling or blood transfusion
Stallion has that RBC antigen
Foal born with that RBC antigen
Mare’s Abs absorbed by foal from colostrum -> haemolysis

18
Q

What affects the results of TP?

A

Icterus
Lipaemia
Haemolysis

19
Q

What is the most common cause of panhyperproteinaemia in horses?

A

= high TP due to high albumin and globulin

Dehydration

20
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperglobulinaemia?

A

Chronic inflammation

Also plasma cell myeloma

21
Q

Causes of panhypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia?

A

Panhypoproteinaemia:
- aggressive IVFT
- severe protein loss (e.g. haemorrhage, diarrhoea)
Hypoalbuminaemia:
- most commonly lost across glomerulus/intestinal mucosa
- decreased production by liver

22
Q

Define colloid oncotic pressure of blood?

A

Ability of blood to retain water

Albumin is major determinant of this

23
Q

Initial investigation of ventral oedema?

A 
Clinical exam (CHF? Other systemic disease?)
Blood sample - particularly consider low albumin
24
Q

How to test for myopathy?

A

AST and CK

25
Q

How much of liver mass has to be lost before function affected -> liver failure?

A

80%

26
Q

How is clinical pathology used for the liver?

A

Damage to liver -> increased GGT, GLDH, AST, ALP, LDH
Loss of >80% liver function -> liver failure -> increased bile acids and clinical signs (also low albumin, increased bilirubin and ammonia)
Poor association with aetiology and prognosis - biopsy is better

27
Q

Rules for when a horse must have a passport?

A

Passport must be issued within 6 months of birth or by 31st December of the year of birth (whichever is latest)
If foal is sold before 6mo, the new owner must get it a passport within 30 days
A foal under 6 months needs a passport if it is exported without it mum or sent for slaughter

It is an offence to keep a horse without a passport - applies to keepers with primary responsibility for care of the horse

28
Q

Rules for microchipping of horses?

A

All horses born on or after 1st July 2009 must be microchipped
Any horse born before this that has not received a passport, must be microchipped when passport

29
Q

Who is allowed to complete the silhouette in a horse passport and to implant a microchip?

A

Silhouette - vet or person deemed competent by the PIO

Microchips - vets only

30
Q

When must a horse be accompanied by its passport?

A

At all times except:
- emergency situations
- when stabled or at pasture
- when being moved on foot
- participating in a competition/event which requires the horse to leave the venue (e.g. endurance)
Passport must be made available within 3 hours if requested by an enforcement agency

31
Q

What must be done when giving medications if a horse has not been signed out the food chain?

A

Must keep a medicines book and record all medicines given:
- batch numbers
- date of administration
- withdrawal periods
Includes most wormers, creams and shampoos
(No need if signed out)

32
Q

What can food producing horses be treated with?

A

A veterinary medicine containing a substance in the ‘legally permitted essential substance list for horses’ (withdrawal period 6 months)
A veterinary medicine that contains a substance listed in ‘table 1 of the commission regulation 37/2010’ (drugs used off the cascade that are licenced in other food producing animals.

33
Q

What must be done if a prohibited substance in food producing animals is given to a horse that has not been signed out the food chain?

A

Vet, owner or keeper must sign them out (vet must sign if owner refuses)
If needed on welfare grounds in emergency, can ask owner to sign a disclaimer which will detail all treatment that you have administered (responsibility then falls on keeper)

34
Q

What must be done if a horse is issued with a passport when >1yo?

A

Automatically excluded for human consumption

35
Q

Method of microchip implanting? What to do after?

A

Clip and scrub small area on left hand side of neck over mid section of nuchal ligament
Place local anaesthetic
Second scrub
Put on gloves
Check microchip reads and matches number on paperwork
Insert chip into nuchal ligament
Check microchip reads after insertion
Put microchip number on passport and indicate position of implant with capital M with circle around it on silhouette and sign and stamp
Fill out paperwork

36
Q

When must an owner hand over a horse’s passport to a buyer? What must the buyer do?

A

At time of sale
Buyer must notify the transaction to the passport issuing organisation for registration of the new ownership within 30 days

37
Q

What must an owner do with a horse’s passport if it dies?

A

Return it to the passport issuing organisation within 30 days of the death

38
Q

Rules for identification of features on a silhouette in a horse’s passport?

A

Narrative in black ink and capital letters
Whorls = X
Feathered whorl = X with line
Linear whorl = line
White areas = outlined in red and lightly hatched with red lines
Flesh marks = solid red
Acquired marks = black arrow
Prophets thumb mark = black triangle
Microchips = black M in a circle with an arrow
Bordering (regions of mixed white and dark hairs at edge of a patch of white) = red double ring with hatch centre

39
Q

What is a wall eye?

A

Unpigmented iris

4th year (44 decks)

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