Farm Animal Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the 5 functions of the bones?
- support
- locomotion
- protection
- storage
- haemopoiesis
What are the 6 classifications of bones?
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- sesamoid bones
- pneumatic bones
- irregular bones
What makes up the axial skeleton?
- skull
- sternum
- ribs
- vertebral column
What are the 3 main functions of the skull?
- protects the brain
- supports sense organs
- forms entry passage for digestive and respiratory systems
What are the 4 functions for the vertebral column?
- still but flexible rod to support the body
- protection of the spinal cord
- provides sites for insertion for muscles
- provides attachment fro pelvis and ribs
Where is the region of the cervical vertebrae?
Neck
Where is the region of the thoracic vertebrae?
Chest
Where is the region of the lumbar vertebrae?
Loin
Where is the region for the sacral vertebrae?
Pelvis - fused vertebrae
Where is the region for the caudal/coccygeal vertebrae?
Tail
What is the number of vertebrae in the horse?
Cervical 7
Thoracic 18
Lumbar 6
Sacral 5
Caudal 15-20
What is the number of vertebrae in the cow?
Cervical 7
Thoracic 13
Lumbar 6
Sacral 5
Caudal 18-20
What is the number of vertebrae in the sheep?
Cervical 7
Thoracic 13
Lumbar 6-7
Sacral 4
Caudal 16-18
What is the number of vertebrae in the pig?
Cervical 7
Thoracic 14-15
Lumbar 6-7
Sacral 4
Caudal 20-23
What is the structure of the sternum?
- forms the centrum of thorax
- provides the site of attachment for the costal cartilages of the ribs
- site of origin for the pectoral muscles
What are the individual bones of the sternum known as?
- the sternebrae
- parts known as the manubrium, the body and the xiphoid process
What is the structure of the ribs?
- form the lateral wall of the bony thorax
How many sternebrae do pigs have?
- 4 sternebrae in the body of the sternum
How many sternebrae do horse, cow, and sheep have?
- 5 sternebrae in the body of the sternum
What makes up the appendicular Skelton?
- thoracic/forelimb
- pelvic/hindlimb
What makes up the forelimb?
- thoracic girdle (shoulder)
- brachial (arm)
- ante-brachium (forearm)
- carpus (knee)
- metacarpus (cannon/splint bones)
- phalanges (digits)
What bones make up the thoracic girdle?
- scapula
- clavicle
- coracoid
What bone make up the brachial?
- humerus
What bones make up the ante-brachium?
- radius
- ulna
What bones make up the carpus?
- carpal bones
What bones make up the metacarpus?
- metacarpal bones
What bones make up the phalanges?
- phalanges
- sesamoid bones
What is the structure of the ulna in the horse?
- proximal shaft of the ulna is well developed but is fused to the radius
What is the structure of the ulna in the cow, sheep and pig?
- they have a complete ulna
- there is little to no movement between the radius and ulna
What is the structure of the distal row of carpus in the horse?
- first carpal bone present is small and not weight bearing
What is the structure of the distal row of carpus in the cow and sheep?
- the first carpal bone is not present
- the second and third bones are fused
What is the structure of the distal row of carpus in the pig?
- have all 4 bones in the distal row
What is the structure of the metacarpals in the horse?
- single large metacarpal bone which acts as a base
What is the structure of the metacarpals in the cow and sheep?
- the cannon bones is a fusion of metacarpal bones 3 and 4
What is the structure of the metacarpals in the pig?
- has 4 metacarpal bones
What is the structure of the digits in the horse?
- only has 1 digit
What is the structure of the digits in the cow, sheep and pig?
- 2 principal digits
-digits 2 and 5 are only seen as small dew claws
What is the hindlimb made up of?
- pelvic girdle
- thigh
- crus (true leg)
- tarsus (hock)
- metatarsus (cannon/splint bones)
- phalanges (digits)
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
- sacrum
- ilium
- ischium
- pelvis
What bone makes up the thigh?
- femur
What bones make up the crus?
- tibia
- fibula
What bones make up the tarsus?
- tarsal bones
What bones make up the metatarsus?
- metatarsal bones
What bones make up the phalanges?
- phalanges
- sesamoid
What is the structure of the fibula in the horse?
- has the proximal end of the fibula and a potion of the shaft
What is the structure of the fibula in the cow and sheep?
- only a vestige for the proximal end of the fibula is present
What is the structure of the fibula in the pig?
-the fibula is a long thin bone extending the proximal end of the tibia to the lateral aspect of the hock
