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YR1 LARGE ANIMAL > Equine Skeletal System > Flashcards

Equine Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vertebral column formula?

A

Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 18
Lumbar - 6
Sacral - 5
Caudal - 15 to 20

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2
Q

What are the 10 forelimb bones and joints?

A
  • scapula
  • shoulder
  • humerus
  • elbow
  • radius and ulna
  • knee (carpus)
  • cannon and 2 splint bones (metacarpals)
  • fetlock
  • long pastern, short pastern and pedal bone (3 phalanges)
  • sesamoid bones (2 sesamoid)
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3
Q

What are the 10 hindlimb bones and joints?

A
  • pelvis
  • hip
  • femur
  • stifle joint and patella
  • tibia and fibula
  • hock (tarsus)
  • cannon and 2 splint bones (metatarsals)
  • fetlock
  • long pastern, short pastern and pedal bone (3 phalanges)
  • sesamoid bones (2 sesamoid)
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4
Q

What are the 4 synovial joints?

A

Spheroidal (ball and socket)

Hinge

Plane

Pivot

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5
Q

What is the spheroidal joint?
(ball and socket)

A
  • the most moveable joint
  • shoulder and hip joints
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6
Q

What is the hinge joint?

A
  • allows movement in 1 plane only
  • pedal bone, short pastern and long pastern bones
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7
Q

What is the plane joint?

A
  • the least moveable, slide over each other
  • carpal (knee) and tarsal (hock)
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8
Q

What is the pivot joint?

A
  • allows movement round 1 axis and rotational movement
  • joint between axis and atlas, allows head to rotate to a limited extent
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9
Q

What are tendons?

A
  • tendons are fibrous cords of connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones, they are relatively inelsatic but are made up of crimped fibres giving slight ability to lengthen
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10
Q

Where do tendons originate?

A
  • they originate from bone and attach to bone
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11
Q

What are ligaments?

A
  • the suspensory ligament of the horse differs from other ligaments in that it is a modified muscle
  • meaning its more elastic than other ligaments
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12
Q

What are the 4 ligaments?

A

Supporting or suspending

Annular

Inter-osseous

Funicular (or cord like)

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13
Q

What is an example of a supporting/suspending ligament?

A
  • suspensory ligament
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14
Q

What is an example of an annular ligament?

A
  • broad bands composed of deep fascia, which fold around tendons to maintain alignment and in effect, direct the pull on a tendon
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15
Q

What is an example of an inter-osseous ligament?

A
  • it ties bones together
  • for example the pedal and navicular bones
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16
Q

What is an example of a funicular ligament?

A
  • holds bones together
  • collateral ligaments, which are of the funicular type, are situated at the side of a joint
17
Q

What are the 4 types of tendons?

A

Common digital extensor tendon

Lateral digital extensor tendon

Deep digital flexor tendon

Superficial digital flexor tendon

18
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the common digital extensor tendon?

A

Origin - distal humerus

Insertion - phalange all bones 1, 11 and 111

19
Q

What is the action for the common digital extensor tendon?

A
  • extends the lower limb and foot
  • flexes the elbow
20
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the lateral digital extensor tendon?

A

Origin - lateral elbow

Insertion - phalangeal bone 1

21
Q

What is the action of the lateral digital extensor tendon?

A
  • helps to straighten and extend the lower leg
22
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon?

A

Origin - medial humerus and ulna

Insertion - palmar aspect of phalangeal bone 111 (pedal bone)

23
Q

What is the action for the deep digital flexor tendon?

A
  • flexes the joints of the lower leg
  • extends the elbow
24
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the superficial digital flexor tendon?

A

Origin - medial humerus and caudal radius

Insertion - back of long and short pastern bones (phalangeal bones 1 and 11)

25
Q

What is the action of the superficial digital flexor tendon?

A
  • extends the elbow
  • flexes the carpus and phalangeal bones
26
Q

What is the stay apparatus?

A
  • this is a group of ligaments, tendons and muscles which lock joints in the limbs of the horse
27
Q

What does the stay apparatus allow?

A
  • allows the horse to enter a light sleep while standing
  • allows for each limb to rest
28
Q

What is the suspensory apparatus?

A
  • this is part of the stay apparatus which supports fetlock and prevents it form falling to the ground
  • also supports the pastern joint
29
Q

What does the suspensory apparatus consist of?

A
  • it consist of intraosseous muscle which has been replaced by fibrous material to form the suspensory ligament
30
Q

Where is the suspensory ligament located?

A
  • it lies between the deep digital flexor tendon and the cannon bone
  • it splits at the level of the sesamoid bone
31
Q

What does the suspensory ligament do?

A
  • it joins the common digital extensor tendon at the front of the pastern
  • it prevents over extension of the fetlock joint
32
Q

What is the stifle locking stifle?

A
  • found in the hind leg
  • allows the horse to immobilise the stifle joint
33
Q

What happens in the stifle locking system?

A
  • to lock the stifle the joints extend past certain points and then cartilage hooks onto trochlea tubercle, and medial and patella ligaments are stabilised over the medial ridge
  • this locks the join tin plate without any effort
34
Q

Where does the stifle locking system occur?

A
  • trochlear groove of femur and patella
    -> 3 patella ligaments and medial patella cartilage
    -> medial ligaments attaches to this cartilage
35
Q

What is the reciprocal?

A
  • the final component of the stay apparatus
  • when the stifle is in extension the hock is also in extension due to muscle attachments
  • when the femur moves caudal the distal limb moves causally and vice versa
36
Q

What are the 5 functions of muscles?

A
  • carry out intricate manoeuvres
  • contract and initiate movement
  • stabilise joints
  • maintain posture
  • aid temperature control (shivering)
37
Q

What are intramuscular injection sites?

A
  • superficial gluteal
  • biceps femoris
  • abdominal oblique
  • medial gluteal
  • quadriceps femoris
  • gastrocnemius

YR1 LARGE ANIMAL (9 decks)

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