Farm Animal

Question 1

Impetigo (pustular dermatitis that does not affect follicles) in lactating animals is most commonly seen in what area?

Answer 1

Lesions are most commonly seen on the udder (especially the base of the teats and the intramammary sulcus) and teats, with the ventral abdomen, medial thighs, vulva, perineum, and ventral tail less commonly affected.

Question 2

Folliculitis (hair follicle inflammation) and furunculosis (hair follicle rupture) are uncommon and caused by what organism?

Answer 2

Staphylococcus aureus or, less commonly, S. hyicus.

Question 3

What is a rare bacterial infection of the cutaneous lymphatics. Cutaneous wounds may be contaminated by numerous bacteria, especially Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, Corynebacterium pseudotu- berculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and ß‐hemolytic strep- tococci.

Answer 3

Ulcerative lymphangitis

Question 4

What bacterial disease causes “lumpy jaw” in usually 2-5 year old cattle?

Answer 4

Actinomycosis

A. bovis (an oral cavity commensal) and occasionally A. israelii contaminate various traumatic wounds. The disease is most commonly seen in 2‐ to 5‐year‐old cattle, with no apparent breed or sex predilections.

Question 5

What disease causes lesions that may be single or multiple, facial swelling, and may be widespread on the back? Pyogranulomatous glossitis (“wooden tongue”) is uncommon feature of this disease.

Answer 5

Actinobacillosis caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii (an oral and rumen commensal)

Question 6

Blackleg is caused by ______. Lesions commonly occur on a leg, and are initially poorly circumscribed, painful, warm, pitting, deep swell- ings. Later the swelling becomes cool and hypoesthetic or anesthetic, and the skin becomes purplish to black, taut, cracked, and necrotic, then sloughs.

Answer 6

C. chauvoei

Question 7

Malignant edema (“gas gangrene”) is caused by what three organisms?

Answer 7

C. septicum, C. sordelli, or C. perfringens.

Question 8

Opportunistic (“atypical” and “nontuberculous”) mycobacterial granuloma (“skin tuberculosis”) is a rare to uncommon, disease. Infection occurs by wound contamination, and which organism has been isolated from some lesions?

Answer 8

Mycobacterium kansasi

Question 9

Mycobacterium farcinogenes and M. senegalense cause what disease in cattle?

Answer 9

Farcy; a pyogranulomatous disease of skin and lymphatics.
Skin lesions are most commonly seen on the head, neck, shoulder, and legs, especially in adults. Firm, painless, slow‐growing subcutaneous nodules may ulcer- ate and discharge a thick, stringy, odorless, grayish‐white or yellowish material.

Question 10

Abscesses are common in cattle especially infected knee and hock hygromas; facial associated with plant awn penetration; usually due to penetrating wounds; fluctuant, often painful, and subcutaneous; numerous bacteria, especially which organism?

Answer 10

Trueperella pyogenes

Question 11

Bacterial pseudomycetoma (“botryomycosis”) is commonly caused by what organism in cattle? Ulcerations on udder are common.

Answer 11

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 12

Necrobacillosis is a disease associated with ‘foot rot’ in cattle. This is due to wet, humid conditions, sudden onset, fever, and lameness; moist, necrotic, ulcerative, and foul‐smelling caused by what organism?

Answer 12

Fusobacterium necrophorum biotypes A and B

Question 13

Necrotic vulvovaginitis is characterized by a sudden onset of inflammation and necrosis; usually post‐parturient first‐lactation cows caused by what organism?

Answer 13

Porphyromonas levii

Question 14

What bacteria is associated with eosinophilic granulomas in cattle?

Answer 14

Corynebacterium ulcerans

Question 15

What organism is associated ulcerative mammary dermatitis and hock lesions?

Answer 15

Treponema

Question 16

Digital dermatitis is an infectious, contagious, painful condition of the digital skin. Current evidence suggests that digital dermatitis is multifactorial, involving environmental, microbial, host, and management factors. A polytreponemal (spirochete) etiology has been suggested, with what organism being most likely?

Answer 16

Treponema

Digital dermatitis is a common cosmopolitan disease more commonly seen in dairy than in beef cattle. It is especially common in first‐calf heifers and young cows.

Question 17

Nodular thelitis and scrotitis is called by what organism in cattle?

Answer 17

Mycobacterium terrae and M. gordonae

Question 18

Septicemic slough is common in calves and caused by what organism?

Answer 18

Salmonella dublin and S. typhimurium;

Question 19

Interdigital dermatitis is cosmopolitan, common in moist environments, and associated with what infection?

Answer 19

Dichelobacter nodosus

Question 20

Interdigital necrobacillosis (“foot rot,” “foul in the foot,” and “interdigital phlegmon”) is an infection with what organism?

Answer 20

Fusobacterium necrophorum and Prevotella (Bacteroides) melaninogenicus.

Question 21

Dermatophytosis (“ringworm”) in cattle is most commonly caused by what species ________, and less frequently by T. mentagrophytes, T. equinum, Microsporum gypseum, M. canis, and M. nanum.

Answer 21

Trichophyton verrucosum

The disease is most common in fall and winter, especially in confined ani- mals. There are no apparent breed or sex predilections, and young animals (less than one year old) are most commonly affected

Question 22

Where are lesions commonly seen on cattle with Chorioptic mange?

Answer 22

Caused by C. Bovis - Lesions are most commonly seen on the rump, tail, perineum, caudomedial thigh, caudal udder, and scrotum, and occasionally the distal hind legs and teats.

aka foot mange, leg mange or tail mange

Question 23

Psoroptic mange, most commonly seen in beef cattle, has a clinical distribution where?

Answer 23

Lesions typically begin on the shoulders and rump - lesions are more generalized

Question 24

Where is sarcoptic mange most commonly seen on cattle?

Answer 24

Lesions are most commonly seen on the face, pinnae, neck, shoulders, and rump, and can involve the udder cleft.

Question 25

What are the biting and sucking lice of cattle? What is the different in distribution?

Answer 25

Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis (biting louse, order Mallophaga)

Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus vituli, and Solenopotes capillatus (sucking lice, order Anoplura).

D. bovis is most commonly seen over the neck, withers, and tail head. Sucking lice are commonly found on the poll, pinnae, muzzle, periocular region, neck, brisket, withers, tail, axillae, and groin

Question 26

In North America—especially in the west and south- west—stephanofilariasis is caused by Stephanofilaria stilesi. What is the intermediate host?

Answer 26

Haematobia (Lyperosia) irritans (horn fly) is the intermediate host.

Stephanofilaria stilesi is a small, filarial parasite that causes a circumscribed dermatitis along the ventral midline of cattle. It has been reported throughout the USA but is more common in the west and southwest. Adult worms are 3–6 mm long and usually are found in the dermis, just beneath the epidermal layer.

Question 27

What is the ear mite species in cattle?

Answer 27

Raillietia auris

Question 28

Ctenocephalides felis strongylus is the common flea in what species of animal?

Answer 28

Cattle

Question 29

What disease is a common infectious disease caused by Parapoxvirus bovis‐2. It is the most common infectious cause of teat lesions. Transmission occurs via contamination of skin abrasions. There are no apparent breed or age predilections, and milking cows and heifers are most commonly affected.

Answer 29

Pseudocowpox

Question 30

Bovine papular stomatitis is a common, cosmopolitan infectious disease caused by what virus?

Answer 30

Parapoxvirus bovis‐1

There are no breed or sex predilections, and the disease is seen more commonly in animals less than 1 year of age.

Bovine papular stomatitis is a zoonosis. In humans, the condition is often called “milker’s nodule” or “farmyard pox.”

Question 31

Bovine herpesvirus‐2 causes what disease in cattle?

Answer 31

Herpes mammillitis

Transmission occurs via contact and insect vectors. This disease occurs in lactating cattle, and heifers tend to be more severely affected. It is most common in summer and fall.

Question 32

What species is the carrier for Malignant Catarrhal fever and what is the virus that causes the disease in cattle?

Answer 32

MCF results from infection by one of several members of a group of closely related ruminant gammaherpesviruses of the Rhadinovirus genus.

The principal carriers and their viruses are sheep (ovine herpesvirus-2), wildebeest (alcelaphine herpesvirus-1), and goats (caprine herpesvirus-2).

Question 33

Bovine viral diarrhea is a cosmopolitan, infectious disease caused by a _____. What are the common cutaneous clinical signs?

Answer 33

Pestivirus

Acute infections are characterized by fever, diarrhea, cough, nasal and ocular discharges, and erosions and ulcers of the oral cavity.

Chronic infections (“mucosal disease”) are characterized by diarrhea, nasal and ocular discharge, progressive weight loss, necrosis and ulceration of oral mucosa, and erosion and ulceration and crusting of the muzzle, lips, nostrils, coronet, interdigital spaces, teats, vulva, and prepuce.

Question 34

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a disease caused by which virus? Transmission occurs via aerosol and venereal methods. There are no apparent breed, age, or sex predilections.

Answer 34

Bovine herpesvirus‐1.

Question 35

What is the vector for transmission of vascular stomatitis?

Answer 35

Vesicular stomatitis is an uncommon infectious disease caused by a Vesiculovirus. The disease is enzootic in North, Central, and South America, and is most common between late spring and early fall. Transmission occurs via aerosols and insect vectors (especially sim- ulids [black flies]).

***zoonotic

Question 36

Foot‐and‐mouth disease is a highly contagious infectious disease of cattle, sheep, goats, and swine caused by an Aphthovirus. Which species does it not affect? What is the classical early clinical sign in cattle?

Answer 36

The FMD virus causes illness in cows, pigs, sheep, goats, deer, and other animals with divided hooves. It does not affect horses, dogs, or cats.

As vesicle formations begin, hypersalivation and nasal discharge are evident, and cattle may exhibit lip smacking, a classic early sign. Lameness becomes obvious.

• FMD is the number‐one foreign animal disease threat in the United States, and the most significant disease affecting free trade in animals and animal products internationally.

Question 37

Lumpy skin disease (“knopvelsiekte”) is a chronic infectious disease caused by a Capripoxvirus (“neethling virus”). Transmission occurs via what insect vector?

Answer 37

Stomoxys calcitrans

Question 38

Besnoitiosis (“globidiosis”) is an uncommon to common, protozoal disease caused by what organism? Transmission occurs by ingestion (vegetation contaminated with cat or vole feces containing oocysts) or by biting arthropods and insects (bradyzoites). The disease is most common in summer, and the risk is greater in animals on pasture.

Answer 38

Besnoitia besnoiti

*The most significant condition in domestic animals is that of cattle, in which B besnoiti causes economic loss through reduced milk production, infertility and sterility, skin lesions, and increased mortality. In males, a painful orchitis is usually present.

Question 39

There appears to be an increased prevalence of alopecia areata in which breed of cows?

Answer 39

Eringer cows

Question 40

Infection of what in pregnant cow produces in utero infection of fetus; born with generalized hypotrichosis that may be less severe on the head, tail, and distal limbs

Answer 40

BVD (bovine viral diarrhea)

Question 41

Inherited epidermal dysplasis (IED), formerly called baldy calf syndrome, is a lethal disease of calves of what breed? The disease causes progressive ilithrift and skin, horn and hoof lesions, which can be confused with inherited zinc deficiency.

Answer 41

Holstein-Friesian

**autosomal recessive

Question 42

In most cattle, cutaneous asthenia is inher­ ited as an autosomal recessive trait, and is associated with a deficiency in what enzyme?

Answer 42

procollagen peptidase (aminopro­peptidase, type I procollagen N‐proteinase) activity

Cutaneous asthenia has been reported in a number of breeds, including Belgian, Charolais, Hereford, Holstein‐ Friesian, Simmental, and crossbreeds.

Question 43

Chiana cattle with itchythyosis fettles have a H1935R substitution mutation what gene?

Answer 43

ABCA12 - this is an App binding cassette transporter 12 protein and has a major role in transportation of lipids in the epidermis responsible for cholesterol efflux from keratinocytes.

This was also identified in Shorthorn cattle

Question 44

Several breeds of cattle have been identified as suffering from a less severe form of ichthyosis termed - ichthyosis congenital. Signs may be present at birth or appear within a few weeks with generalized hyperkeratosis. What endocrine abnormalities might be seen?

Answer 44

thyroid abnormalities

** and microtia and cataracts

Question 45

JEB of Belgian blue cattle is caused by a missense mutation in what gene?

Answer 45

LAMA3 gene - this mutation results in a 22% shortening of the laminin alpha-3 chain, was found to be causative of JEB in this breed.

Question 46

JEB in German black head mutton sheep is associated with altered Laminin-332 function; mutation which was located on which gene?

Answer 46

LAMC2

Question 47

JEB in Charolais cattle is due to a mutation in what gene?

Answer 47

TGB4 genes encoding the integrin alpha-6 and beta-4

Question 48

DEB in white Alpine sheep is due to a mutation causing a absence of what structure?

Answer 48

DEB in these lambs was due to a mutation causing an absence of secretion of collagen VII

Question 49

DEB in Rotes Höhenvieh cattle was due to a mutation in what gene?

Answer 49

Genomewide homozygosity mapping was consistent with a COL7A1 mutation leading to impaired collagen VII function and anchoring fibril formation.

• Same as the Vorderwald cattle

Question 50

EBS in Friesian-Jersey cattle mutation is linked to which KRT gene?

Answer 50

A mutation in the kera­tin V gene was identified

**Most reported cases of bovine epidermolysis bullosa resemble junctional epidermolysis bullosa, and are thought to be of autosomal recessive inheritance. In Simmentals and their crosses, the condition resembles epidermolysis bullosa simplex, and is autosomal domi­ nant with incomplete penetrance

Question 51

Hereditary Zinc Deficiency is an autosomal recessive condition, primarily seen in Holstein-Friesian calves. This disease is characterized by an impaired function of the immune system, growth retardation and skin alterations as a result of a deficient gastrointestinal zinc absorption. In Holstein-Friesian cattle, BHZD is caused by a splice-site variant in what gene?

Answer 51

SLC39A

Question 52

Erythropoietic porphyriahas been reported in many breeds. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with no sex predilection. Decreased levels of _________ result in increased levels of uroporphyrin I and copropor­phyrin I in blood and tissues.

Answer 52

uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase

Question 53

Protoporphyria has been reported in Limousins and their crosses and Blonde d’Aquitaine. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with no sex predilection. Decreased levels of what result in increased levels of protoporphyrin in blood and tissues?

Answer 53

heme synthetase (ferrochelatase)

**Clinical signs include photodermatitis and photophobia. Teeth and urine are normal in color.

Question 54

Ayrshires (autosomal dominant), Swedish cattle (autosomal recessive), and Herefords and Polled Herefords (autosomal recessive) develop curly (“wooly”) coat - this is a phenotypic marker for what disease in Herefords and Polled Herefords

Answer 54

cardiomyopathy

Question 55

What is a vasoneuropathy associated with prolonged exposure to moisture, cold temperatures, and impaired blood flow to the extremities (e.g., standing in cool water for >2 to 3 days)?

Answer 55

Immersion foot

Question 56

Ergotism is an uncommon disorder caused by alkaloids produced by what fungus?

Answer 56

Claviceps purpurea

It is characterized by dry gangrene and sloughing of distal extremities. C. pur- purea infects over 200 grasses and cultured cereals, especially wheat, barley, rye, and oats. The fungus is most abundant during warm, wet seasons. .Swelling usually begins at the coronary bands and progresses to the fetlocks.

Removing the animal from the source of the ergot toxins and providing supportive care is the only treatment for affected animals.

Question 57

Hyalomma toxicosis (“sweating sickness”) is an uncom- mon tick‐borne disease in Africa, Sri Lanka, and southern India. It is caused by a toxin in certain strains of what insect?

Answer 57

the tick Hyalomma truncatum (transiens)

The dermatitis may be confined to the pinnae, face, neck, axillae, flank, or groin, but is often generalized. Affected skin is erythematous, edematous, oozing, painful, and foul‐ smelling.

Question 58

What are the four types of photosensitization?

Answer 58

Primary photosensitization: A preformed or metabolically derived photodynamic agent reaches the skin by ingestion, injection, or contact.

Hepatogenous photosensitization: Blood phylloerythrin levels are elevated in association with liver abnormalities.

Photosensitization due to aberrant pigment synthesis (porphyria).

Idiopathic photosensitization.

Question 59

Plants that cause primary photosensitization

Answer 59

St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) 
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum and
Polygonum fagopyrum)
Bishop’s weed (Ammi majus)
Dutchman’s breeches (Thamnosma texana)
Wild carrot (Daucus carota) and spring parsley (Cymopterus watsonii)
Cooperia pedunculate
Smartweeds (Polygonum spp.) Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Burr trefoil (Medicago denticulata) Alfalfa hay or silage

Question 60

Drugs that cause primary photosensitization in cattle

Answer 60

Phenothiazines 
Thiazides 
Acriflavines 
Rose Bengal 
Methylene blue 
Sulfonamides 
Tetracyclines

Question 61

Plant causes of hepatogenous photosensitization

Answer 61

Moldy Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) fungal elaboration
Lantana (Lantana camara) lantadene A and B
Sacahuista, blooms only (Nolina texana) saponins
Kleingrass (Panicum coloratum) saponins
Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) saponins
Sececio

Question 62

Rare and cosmopolitan; from eating what substance causes painful defecation and matting of feces around tail base and perineum; papules, vesicles, and necrotic foci in affected areas apparently due to irritating substance in feces

Answer 62

mushroom Amanita verna

Question 63

This occurs from eating vetch plants (Vicia villosa and V. benghalensis); occurs after 2 to several weeks of exposure; in animals >3 years of age; papules, plaques, oozing, crusts, pruritus, and alopecia; begins on tailhead, udder, and neck with spread to face, trunk, and limbs; conjunctivitis, anorexia, fever, weight loss, and diarrhea; necropsy (systemic granulomatous disease); morbidity 6 to 8%; mortality as high as 50%

Answer 63

Hairy vetch toxicosis

Question 64

Which bovine papilloma virus is characterized by so‐called “atypical warts” in cattle of all ages. These lesions are low, flat, circular, and nonpedunculated; have delicate to thick frond‐like projections on their surfaces; and may occur anywhere on the body, including the teats. These papillomas rarely regress spontaneously.

Answer 64

BPV 3

Question 65

Which bovine papilloma-virus causes so‐called “rice grain warts” on the teats in cattle of all ages. These lesions are small, white, elongated, and hyperkeratotic, and they do not regress spontaneously.

Answer 65

BPV 5

Question 66

Which bovine papillomavirus causes nonpedunculated, conical to branch‐like papillomas on the teats in cattle of all ages. These lesions are elongated and hyperkeratotic, with frond‐like surface projections. They are frequently broken off, leaving ulcers that become secondarily infected by bacteria. Spontaneous regression does not occur.

Answer 66

BPV 6

Question 67

Which two breeds of cattle are predisposed to developing SCC?

Answer 67

Herefords and Ayrshires are at increased risk.

Brand keratomas occasionally transform into squamous cell carcinomas.

Question 68

What breed of cattle is predisposed to developing melanomas?

Answer 68

Angus

Question 69

Meloidiosis in goats is caused by what organism?

Answer 69

Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) pseudomallei - and in tropical climates (Southeast Asia and Australia); causes cutaneous and internal abscesses; zoonotic

Question 70

What are the biting and chewing lice found on goats?

Answer 70

In the United States, recognized goat lice include

Damalinia (Bovicola) caprae, D. cras- sipes, and D. limbata (chewing lice, order Mallophaga)

Linognathus stenopsis and L. africanus (sucking lice, order Anoplura).

Question 71

Which lice species can be transmitted from goat to sheep?

Answer 71

D. ovis

Question 72

Keds, more often called sheep ticks, are actually a wingless fly. They spend their entire life cycle on sheep or goats, transferring between animals by contact. Sheep keds, also known as what, are primarily a pest of sheep, but occasionally are found on goats?

Answer 72

Melophagus ovinus

Question 73

Przhevalskiana silenus (P. crossi, P. aegagi, Hypoderma silenus, and H. crossi) infestation is common on goats in certain parts of Asia and Europe. What is the other name for this disease?

Answer 73

Warbles

Question 74

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis is a common parasite of white‐tailed deer in North America, and a common cause of what disease in goats? What is the intermediate host?

Answer 74

neurologic

Infestation of goats occurs through ingestion of intermediate hosts (terrestrial snails and slugs) containing larvae passed in deer feces. There are no apparent breed, age, or sex predilections. Goats produce the lesions by biting or rubbing, possibly because migrating larvae irri- tate dorsal nerve roots supplying individual dermatomes.

Question 75

Gotch ear is caused by what organism?

Answer 75

Associated with Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast tick) attachment to pinna; erythema, swelling, yellowish exudate, crusts, alopecia, and excoriation; pinnae may become thickened, curled, and drooped, and may necrose and slough

Question 76

Contagious viral pustular dermatitis (“contagious ecthyma,” “orf,” “soremouth,” “scabby mouth,” or “contagious pustular dermatitis”) is a common, is a disease caused by what virus?

Answer 76

Parapoxvirus ovis.

Question 77

Bluetongue (Orbivirus) is transmitted via what vector?

Answer 77

Culicoides spp. are major vectors

Question 78

Ovine rinderpest, also commonly known as peste des petits ruminants (PPR), is a contagious disease primarily affecting goats and sheep; however, camels and wild small ruminants can also be affected. It is caused by what virus?

Answer 78

Morbillivirus

Question 79

What disease of young goats (pygmy and alpine) causes lesions on the face, pinnae, neck, ventrum, and distal limbs; nonpruritic with areas of erythema, crusting, and alopecia; marked orthokeratotic and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, and neutrophilic microabscesses within the epidermis

Answer 79

Psoriasiform dermatitis

Question 80

Papillomas usually occur where in white goats (Saanen, Angora) that have lactated at least once?

Answer 80

udder and teats

Question 81

What breed of goat is at an increased risk of developing SCC?

Answer 81

Angoras and Boers

Question 82

What is probably a hereditary branchial cleft cyst; Nubians and Nubian crossbreeds developing these at birth to 3 months old; unilateral or bilateral at base of wattles; round, soft, fluctuant, painless.

Answer 82

Waddle cyst

Question 83

Staphylococcal dermatitis and folliculitis has been described in neonatal lambs. Lesions occur on the lips, perineum, ventral tail, abdomen, groin, and axillae. What two species of Staph are usually isolated on culture?

Answer 83

S. aureus and S. xylosus were isolated in culture.

Question 84

What is an acute, infectious disease caused by Clostridium novyi (especially in young rams), C sordellii, or rarely C chauvoei, characterized by a nongaseous, nonhemorrhagic, edematous swelling of the head, face, and neck of young rams. This infection is initiated in young rams by fighting or continual butting of one another. It has also been associated with the practice of dipping immediately after shearing. The bruised and battered subcutaneous tissues provide conditions suitable for growth of pathogenic clostridia, and the breaks in the skin offer an opportunity for their entrance. Treatment is with parenteral administration of broad-spectrum antimicrobials or penicillin.

Answer 84

Big Head

This infection is initiated in young rams by fighting or continual butting of one another. It has also been associated with the practice of dipping immediately after shearing. The bruised and battered subcutaneous tissues provide conditions suitable for growth of pathogenic clostridia, and the breaks in the skin offer an opportunity for their entrance. Treatment is with parenteral administration of broad-spectrum antimicrobials or penicillin.

Question 85

Which species of microporum produces one to multiple lesions in show lambs (“club lamb fungus”) following shearing and washing. Lesions include annular areas of matted, discolored, easily epilated wool and erythema, erosion, and exudation?

Answer 85

M. gypseum

Question 86

Sheep scab is common to uncommon in most parts of the world. It is caused by which mite?

Answer 86

Psoroptic mange - Psorptes bovis

Question 87

What are the common chewing and biting louse of sheep?

Answer 87

Damalinia (Bovicola) ovis (chewing louse or “body louse,” order Mallophaga) 
Linognathus ovillis (“face louse”) and L. pedalis (“foot louse”) (sucking lice, order Anoplura).

D. ovis is most commonly seen over the dorsum - it can be transmitted from sheep to goats
L. ovillis on the face, and L. pedalis on the legs and scrotum

Question 88

In calliphorine myiasis what are the two species of facultative blow flies that are of particular economic significance in sheep?

Answer 88

Lucilia sericata and L. cuprina.
***Wohlfahrtia magnifica is an obligate sarcophagid fly, and the most important cause of traumatic myiasis in the Mediterranean Basin, parts of Europe, and China.

Question 89

Keds (“sheep ticks”) transmit what virus?

Answer 89

Bluetongue

**species of tick is Melophagus ovinus

Question 90

Contagious pustular dermatitis virus and what other infectious disease may act together to produce large granulomatous masses extending proximally from the coronary band often referred to as “strawberry footrot”. These lesions bleed profusely when traumatized.

Answer 90

Dermatophilus congolensis

Question 91

Bluetongue (“soremouth,” “sore muzzle,” and “ovine catarrhal fever”) is an uncommon disease caused by what virus? Transmission occurs via Culicoides spp. gnats. There are no apparent breed, age, or sex predilections.

Answer 91

Orbivirus

Question 92

What is a classic clinical sign of Bluetongue infection in sheep?

Answer 92

A swollen face is a classic sign of bluetongue.

Fever, stiffness, lameness, and reluctance to move are often the first signs of infection. Affected animals often stand with an arched back, the head lowered, and the pinnae drooping due to edema. The lips, muzzle, coro- nets, feet, and less often the anus and vulva are erythe- matous and edematous, and may develop ulcers and crusts.

Question 93

What are the clinical signs of Border disease in sheep?

Answer 93

Border disease is caused by infection of the fetus in early pregnancy with border disease virus (Pestivirus D), a pestivirus (Flaviviridae) closely related to the viruses of classical swine fever (Pestivirus C) and bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease (Pestivirus A and B).

Neutrological dysfunction is the main clinical sign

Question 94

A viable hypotrichosis, autosomal recessive in nature, occurs in what breed of sheep?

Answer 94

Polled Dorsets

Question 95

Cutaneous asthenias inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in what breed. An autosomal dominant form has been reported in what breed?

Answer 95

Australian Border Leicester‐Southdown crossbred lambs
New Zealand Romneys.and is associated with a deficiency in

***Defeciency in procollagen peptidase (aminopropeptidase, type I procollagen N‐proteinase) activity. In

Question 96

Most reported cases of ovine epidermolysis bullosa resemble ________, and are thought to be of autosomal recessive inheritance.

Answer 96

dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

Question 97

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa was reported in Weisses Alpenschats in Switzerland and Assafs in Spain. The conditions were autosomal recessive, and associated with deficient collagen ___.

Answer 97

VII (anchoring fibrils).

Question 98

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa was reported in German Black‐ Headed Muttons in Germany and Churras in Spain. Ultrastructural examinations revealed cleavage through the lamina lucida and marked reduction in ____.

Answer 98

laminin V

Question 99

Fleece rot (“wool rot,” “yolk rot,” “water rot,” “weather stain,” and “canary stain”) is a common, cosmopolitan (especially prevalent in Australia), superficial dermatitis. Severe necrosis, sloughing, and ulceration of face due to hepatic photosensitization.
resulting from bacterial proliferation induced by wetness and manifested by seropurulent exudation and matting of wool fibers. What microorganism is the main cause of this condition in sheep?

Answer 99

PSA

Question 100

Bolo disease is caused by what microorganisms and most commonly in what breed of sheep?

Answer 100

Corynebacterium spp.; especially Merinos

Question 101

What is the predominant microbial species associated with Spirochetosis in pigs?

Answer 101

This is a necrotic and ulcerative or granulomatous disease. Recent studies have identified Treponema pedis as the predominant Treponema species associated with skin diseases.

Question 102

Erysipelas occurs in acute, subacute, and chronic clinical forms - describe them

Answer 102

Acute - fever, depression, anorexia, lameness, and prostration are accompanied by bluish to purplish discoloration of the skin, especially in the jowl, abdomen, pinnae, and legs.

Subacute - erythematous papules and wheals enlarge to form square, rectangular, or rhomboidal plaques (“diamond skin disease”). The erythematous plaques often develop a purplish, necrotic center. Lesions are most commonly seen on the throat, neck, pinnae, abdomen, and thighs.

The chronic form is characterized by necrosis and sloughing of the plaques, resulting in black, dry, firm areas of skin that peel away to reveal ulcers.

Erysipelas is a zoonosis, and veterinarians, abbatoir workers, and butchers are at increased risk.

Question 103

Septicemic slough in pigs is usually associated with what infection? It is one recognized cause. There are no apparent breed or sex predilections, and young piglets are predisposition.

Answer 103

Salmonella choleraesuis (Gram‐negative rod)

Question 104

Edema disease occurs usually in recently weaned pigs; edema and variable pruritus of eyelids, face, lips, pinnae, and neck; systemic signs; this is caused by what organism?

Answer 104

verotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli

Question 105

What causes pinnal panniculitis (thickening of pinnae, especially concave surface)?

Answer 105

Haemophilus parasuis infection

Question 106

Dermatophytosis is most common caused by what species of Microsporum or Trichophytan?

Answer 106

It is most commonly caused by Microsporum nanum, and less frequently by M. canis, M. gypseum, M. persicolor, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum, and T. tonsurans.

*REMEMBER M. nanum and M. persicolor do not invade
hair shafts.

Question 107

Pediculosis (lice) is a common infestation in pigs caused by the sucking louse, _______. What disease can this lice transmit?

Answer 107

Haematopinus suis

Lice are involved in the transmission of swinepox.

Question 108

Demodex phylloides is the normal resident of hair follicles of what species?

Answer 108

Pigs

Question 109

Co‐infection with PRRSV and genogroup 1 torque tenovirus (genus Anellovirus) induces what disease?

Answer 109

Dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome

Clinical signs are associated with an immune complex, leukocytoclastic and necrotiz- ing vasculitis, and a systemic coagulopathy (disseminated intravascular coagulation). Edema and proteinuria (nephrotic syndrome) are often characteristic findings.

Question 110

What disease is also known as “aphthous fever” and causes painful vesicles and ulcers in mouth and is a highly contagious infectious disease of swine and ruminants caused by an Aphthovirus having seven principal serotypes: A, O, C, South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, and Asia 1.

Answer 110

Foot‐and‐mouth disease

***Humans may develop vesicles on the hands and/or in the mouth.

Question 111

Bullous pemphigoid is an extremely rare autoimmune disease described in adult Yucatan minipigs. Autoantibodies (immunoglobulin G [IgG]) target ______ in the lamina lucida of the basement membrane zone.

Answer 111

collagen XVII

Question 112

Dermatosis vegetans is a hereditary and often congenital disorder characterized by a symmetrical erythematous maculopapular dermatitis, coronary band and hoof lesions, giant cell pneumonia, and a usually fatal course. It is rare and cosmopolitan. It occurs in what breed of pig?

Answer 112

Landrace pigs as a simple autosomal recessive.

Question 113

In New Zealand, an ultraviolet light–induced vesiculobullous disease is seen in white pigs eating what foods infected with the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum?

Answer 113

parsnips or celery

Question 114

Juvenile Pustular Psoriasiform Dermatitis occurs most commonly in what breed of pigs?

Answer 114

Landrace

Question 115

Hemangiomas are uncommon, benign neoplasms of endothelial cells. They occur most frequently in what anatomic location?

Answer 115

The scrotum of Yorkshire, Berkshire, and large white boars, and may be hereditary.

Question 116

Melanocytic neoplasms is an autosomal dominant treat in what two breeds a miniature pigs?

Answer 116

Durocs and Sinclair miniatures.

Question 117

What is the most common reported cause of dermatophytosis in camelids?

Answer 117

T. verrucosum is the most common purported cause, dermatophytosis in camelids is a potential zoonosis.

Question 118

Chorioptic mange is the most common mite infestation of alpacas in most parts of the world. The infestation is much less common in llamas. It is caused by the mite ______.

Answer 118

Chorioptes bovis

**Psorioptic mange is caused by P. Bovis - Lesions are initially most commonly seen on the head, face, and pinnae

Question 119

What are the biting and sucking lice of Camelids?

Answer 119

Chewing lice (Bovicola [Damalinia] breviceps) are most commonly seen on the tail head, the dorsal midline, and the sides of the neck and thorax.

Sucking lice (Microthoracius mazzi, M. camelli) are most commonly seen on the head, neck, shoulders, and flanks.

Question 120

Aural Hematoma and Chondritis occurs in what species?

Answer 120

Alpacas