Famous People Flashcards
Painted Persistence of Memory (Melting Clocks)
Salvador Dali
Composer of Carnival of the Animals, the Danse Macabre, 1986 Egyptian Piano Concerto
Camille Saint-Saëns
developed first polio vaccine but refused to patent it
Jonas Salk
Invisible Hand, born in Scotland, “The Wealth of Nations”
Adam Smith
defense mechanisms, clashed with Melanie Klein
Anna Freud
art critic, wrote “Fors Clavigera”, wrote “Stones of Venice”, wrote “Modern Painters”, said “Pathetic fallacies”
John Ruskin
choreographed “Appalachian Spring”, Graham technique is a breathing technique used by ballet dancers, sets designed by Isamu Noguchi and preacher played by Merce Cunningham, “Simple Gifts”
Martha Graham
father of eugenics, wrote “Hereditary Genius”, first to use the phrase “nature vs. nurture”
Francis Galton
Famous choreographer of Rite of Spring (little girl dances herself to death), crashed airplane while little boy looks for a tennis ball, appeared to masturbate at the end of Afternoon of a Faun.
Vaslav Nijinsky
the first Black Supreme Justice
Thurgood Marshall
first Roman emperor, formed Second Triumvirate with Marc Anthony and Marucs Lepidus, ruled as princeps, created Praetorian Guard, added Egypt to empire, got defeated at Battle of Teutoburg Forest
Augustus
stepson of Augustus, unhappy as emperor, mostly resided in villa on Capri, left Lucius Sejanus in control, when Sejanus tried to usurp, Tiberius executed him, Tiberius was emperor when Jesus was crucified
Tiberius
Son of Germanicus, nephew of Tiberius, “little boot”, tried to make his horse (Incitatus) a consul, Cassius Chaerea led conspiracy that killed Caligula
Caligula
Caligula’s uncle, last person to read Etruscan, conquest of Britain, married niece Agrippina the Younger who poisoned him
Claudius
Son of Agrippina the Younger, performed as actor and musician, ordered deaths of many after the Pisonian Conspiracy, fiddled during the great fire of Rome, persecuted Christians
Nero
led the roman empire to its greatest extent, conquered Dacia, built Trajan’s Column and Trajan’s Bridge
Trajan
Trajan’s cousin, withdrew from Trajan’s eastern conquests, beloved companion Antinous drowned in the Nile, Hadrian’s Wall in Britain, crushed the Bar Kokhba revolt
Hadrian
last of the five good Roman Emperors, inherited throne from Antoninus Pius, secured victory over Parthian Empire, dealt with Antonine Plague, Marcomannic War, wrote the Meditations
Marcus Aurelius
stabilized empire after the crisis of the third century, took power by defeating Carinus at the battle of the margus, created tetrarchy where there were two senior emperors and two junior emperors. Unsuccessful edict on Maximum prices to curb inflation, led the last and largest persecution of Christians, first emperor to voluntarily step down
Diocletian
defeated Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge to seize Italy, proposed Edict of Milan to tolerate Christians, oversaw Council of Nicea, converted Byzantium into Constantinople
Contantine
Roman Emperor who commissioned the Colosseum
Vespasian
first Roman emperor to be born in Africa
Septimius Severus
last man to rule over both east and west empires
Theodosius
last Roman emperor
Romulus Augustulus
author of the Massachusetts Constitution, died on July 4th, fifty years after the Declaration of Independence was adopted, last words were “Thomas Jefferson survives”
John Adams
5’4’’, chief author of Declaration of Independence, pet parrot named Polly, Princeton’s first graduate student
James Maddison
studied law under Thomas Jefferson, created first foreign policy - his namesake doctrine, During his presidency, slavery was outlawed above the thirty-sixth parallel in the Missouri Compromise, held office during the Era of Good Feelings
James Monroe
name this signatory of a treaty gaining Florida with Spanish diplomat Luis de Onis, James Monroe’s Secretary of State, This man was accused of being a pimp for czar Alexander I during his tenure as the first American ambassador to Russia, drafted the Monroe Doctrine
John Quincy Adams
only president to be a prisoner of war, founded the Democratic Party, kept large block of cheese in White House
Andrew Jackson
This principal founder of the Democratic party ran on the Free Soil ticket in 1848, This man’s posh lifestyle was attacked by a political opponent in the “Golden Spoon” oration, and this man resigned as secretary of state following the Petticoat Affair
Martin Van Buren
With the shortest presidential term, this president passed one month into his presidency from pneumonia that fell on him after standing in the rain for an hour giving his inauguration speech, longest speech
William Henry Harrison
The first president to serve without being elected, worked for the annexation of Texas to the United States, a strong belief in states’ rights, had 15 children which is most of any president, “His Accidency”
John Tyler
expanded into Pacific Ocean, built Washington Monument, creation of first postage stamp
James K. Polk
President nicknamed “Old Rough-and-Ready”, better known for defeating an army more than three times his size at the Battle of Buena Vista during the Mexican-American War
Zachary Taylor
Compromise of 1850, didn’t have VP, Commodore Perry was sent on his voyage to Japan during his administration
Millard Fillmore
President whose nickname is “Young Hickory”, As a brigadier general, he tied himself to his saddle but passed out when fighting at Churubusco, helping to earn the derogatory nickname “Fainting.” his 4th of July speech denouncing the Civil War as “fruitless” was interrupted by news of victory at Gettysburg. signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Franklin Pierce
last president before the Civil War, served without a wife, this man signed the Ostend Manifesto, name this president during the Fort Sumter crisis
James Buchanan
tallest president, wrestling hall of fame, The Emancipation Proclamation, created Secret Service hours before being assassinated
Abraham Lincoln
“veto president”, was one of three presidents to be impeached, never went to school
Andrew Johnson
Union war hero, diversion of tax revenues in a scandal during this man’s administration, which led to the resignation of his personal secretary, Orville Babcock. The Whiskey Ring Scandal happened, his VP was under investigation for taking bribes from a railroad construction company Credit Mobilier.
Ulysses S. Grant
didn’t serve alcohol at the White House, started Easter Egg Roll, Congress overturned his veto of a bill to put silver into circulation, the Bland-Allison Act, president who ended Reconstruction after the Compromise of 1877, controversial 1876 election
Rutherford B. Hayes
was shot 200 days into his term
James A. Garfield
third president to serve in 1881, rebuilt the Navy, signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, signed a compromise tariff that raised some duties and lowered others, leading it to be known as the “Mongrel Tariff.” Chinese Exclusion Act
Chester Arthur
only president to serve nonconsecutive terms, “Veto president”, Panic of 1893
Grover Cleveland
He failed to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act. served between Grover Cleveland’s two terms. criticized for spending a billion dollars, During his presidency, American sailors were attacked by a Chilean mob, sparking the Baltimore crisis.
Benjamin Harrison
President during Spanish-American War
William McKinley
trust buster, won Nobel Peace Prize, first president to leave the country while in office
Theodore Roosevelt
federal tax through 16th Amendment, got stuck in White House bathtub, began tradition of throwing first pitch at MLB game, turned down Supreme Court position
William Howard Taft
in office during WW1, Nobel Peace prize for League of Nations, printed on 100,000 bill
Woodrow Wilson
presided over the Teapot Dome Scandal. linchpin of the “Ohio Gang” focused on a “return to normalcy”. was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge after dying in office.
Warren G. Harding
Indian Citizenship Act, which gave full U.S. citizenship rights to all Native Americans, only president to be born on Independence Day
Calvin Coolidge
Great Depression, made “Star-spangled banner” national anthem, donated his salary to charity, self-made millionaire, geology degree from Stanford
Herbert Hoover
brought america out of great depression, WW2, served four terms, worked on UN, stamp collector
Franklin D. Roosevelt
dropped atomic bombs on Japan, initiated the Marshall Plan and his namesake Doctrine, and embarked on the Korean War.
Harry S Truman
The commander and 5-Star General of the Allied forces during WW2, this president established the current Interstate Highway System, helped to negotiate an end to the Korean War, and created a permanent civil rights office in the Department of Justice.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
starting the Peace Corps, staying cool through the Cuban Missile Crisis, assassinated
John F. Kennedy
President for The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Vietnam War
Lyndon B. Johnson
Improved relations with the Soviet Union and China and the conclusion of the Vietnam War, the Watergate Scandal and resignation — the only president to do so.
Richard Nixon
The only man to serve without being elected as either President or Vice President, this president spent a great deal of his term mending the country’s feelings towards its leaders while brokering a temporary truce in the Middle East.
Gerald Ford
the Department of Energy and the Department of Education were created, 1979 oil crisis, returned the Panama Canal to Panama, and signed SALT II with Leonid Brezhnev.
Jimmy Carter
Hollywood actor, Cold war, fall of Berlin Wall, escaped assassination
Ronald Reagan
President during Persian Gulf War, knighted by the queen, youngest pilot in the Navy
George Bush
Holding term during the longest period of peace and economic growth, the second of three presidents to be impeached, saxophone
Bill Clinton
In office during 9/11 and deciding to lead the U.S. into Afghanistan and Iraq, overthrew Saddam Hussein.
George W. Bush
Harvard professor who wrote “What Money Can’t Buy”
Michael Sandel
Annual dog sled race in Alaska
Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race
This mathematician invented calculus at the same time as Newton, 17th-century rationalist and philosopher; argued that God created a good world; in order to know, understand, and ultimately choose good, we must have an understanding of its opposite– evil; coexisting with evil was “the best of all possible worlds”; his belief is misconstrued and satirized in Voltaire’s Candide
Gottfried Leibniz
Mathematician who wrote “Elements”, father of geometry
Euclid
“Prince of Mathematics”, famous summation problem when he was a kid, number theory, names the normal distribution
Carl Friedrich Gauss
found the value of pi, has a namesake screw used to pump water upwards, has a namesake property - given any positive x and y in F there is an integer n > 0 so that nx > y
Archimedes
Has namesake “little” and “last” theorem (last thm states no solutions exist for a to the n plus b to the n equals c to the n), has a namesake primality test, first five numbers of his namesake numbers are 3, 5, 17, 257, 65537
Pierre de Fermat
named the base of the natural logarithm e, names the identity “e to the i-pi equals negative 1.”, founded graph theory with his solution to the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem
Leonhard Euler
Has two incompleteness theorems, namesake numbering technique that codes formal expressions as natural numbers.
Kurt Godel
Proved Fermat’s Last Theorem, increased the notoriety of the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture
Andrew Wiles
invented quaternions, namesake operator represents total energy of system, revised Lagrangian mechanics, the Cayley-??? Theorem states each square matrix satisifies its characteristic equation
William Rowan Hamilton
King who was victorious at “Battle of the Boyne”, led Glorious Revolution, Nine Year’s War, the Grand Alliance, group known as “Immortal Seven”, first Jacobites rising, Glencoe Massacre
William of Orange
fails to convince a jury not to execute him for impiety in the Apology, taught Plato, “wise because he knew that he knew nothing”
Socrates
the author of dialogues such as Symposium and The Republic, founded school “Academy”, “Allegory of the Cave.”
Plato
Author of “Metaphysics”, taught Alexander the Great, founded the Lyceum, “Nicomachean Ethics”
Aristotle
conceived when his mother saw a baby wrapped in the sun, moon, and clouds, stayed in mother’s womb for 62 years, teaches inaction, wrote Tao Te Ching, “He who knows does not speak”
Lao Tzu
lived in a tub while carrying a lantern around in broad daylight searching for “one honest man.” refuted the idea that man was a “featherless chicken,” told Alexander the Great to “get out of my sunlight,”
Diogenes
namesake school of philosophy is considered to be a form of hedonism, “death is nothing for us” , inspired a later thinker came up with the “swerve”, often considered the first person to state the problem of evil, which is his namesake paradox.
Epicurus
A flying arrow and Achilles and the Tortoise figure in two of the paradoxes of this man. used a form of argument called epicheirema, denied the possibility of motion
Zeno of Elea
considered water to be the original principle of nature, “all things are full of gods,” founder of the Milesian school, discovered that a circle is bisected by its diameter, predicted solar eclipse
Thales of Miletus
Roman consul and orator of the Catiline Orations, denunciations of Marc Anthony in the Philippics, executed people to suppress the Cataline Conspiracy, This man was killed and his corpse displayed in the Forum, cut out his tongue and hands, “When… do you mean to cease abusing our patience?”
Marcus Tullius Cicero
believed the world was in constant flux and made from fire, “all things are in accordance with logos,” , “war is common” and “strife is justice.” you cannot step into the same river twice, “the weeping philosopher,” says “everything flows”
Heraclitus
First people to climb Mount Everest
Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
first person to reach south pole
Roald Amundsen
namesake renaissance, made the Holy Roman emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, ordered the construction of Aachen Cathedral, Massacre of Verden, Alcuin of York
Charlemagne
known for the cloak he wore, succeeded the last Carolingian ruler Louis V to form Capetian Dynasty, put on the throne with the help of Sylvester II
Hugh Capet
nicknamed ‘the Hammer”, rebuffed the Islamic advance into Europe through his victory at the Battle of Tours, grandfather of Charlemagne
Charles Martel
captured at the Battle of Fariskur, only canonized king of France, leader of the Seventh and Eighth Crusades, Henry VIII was his vassal, built Sainte-Chapelle
Louis IX
rival of Charles V of Spain who patronized Leonardo da Vinci, brought about French Renaissance, lost to Charles V at the Battle of Pavia, extragant two-week meeting with Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, Jacques Cartier made his explorations in the ‘new world’.
Francis I
first Bourbon king of France, the victor of the “War of the Three Henrys.”, “Paris is well worth a mass”, promulgated religious toleration in the Edict of Nantes, assassinated by Francois Ravaillac, ‘Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.’
Henry IV
longest reign of any European monarch, AKA Sun King, relocated to Palace of Versailles, Edict of Fontainebleau abolished Edict of Nantes, War of the Spanish Succession, declared “I am the state”, made his son Philip King of Spain, was opposed by the League of Augsburg, one of his mistresses was implicated in the Affair of the Poisons
Louis XIV
French King during French Revolution, Marie Antoinette, deregulation of the grain market caused his country’s peasants to revolt in the Flour War, allowed non-Catholics to practice their religions by signing the Edict of Versailles, his finance minister Jacques Necker, captured in the town of Varennes
Louis XVI
lost to the Duke of Wellington at Waterloo, lost the Peninsular War, crowning as emperor in Notre Dame cathedral, defeated Archduke Charles at the Battle of Wagram, tried to destroy England’s economy with the Continental System, Rosetta Stone was discovered during this person’s conquests into Egypt
Napoleon Bonaparte
last leader of the Second French Empire, Baron Haussmann renovated Paris under this ruler. sponsored a contest to create a low-cost alternative to butter (inventing margarine), entered into the Franco-Prussian War, allowed the establishment of Catholic schools with the Falloux law, named Archduke Maximilian the ruler of Mexico
Napoleon III
first president of the Fifth French Republic, signed the Evian Accords giving Algeria its independence, led Free France during World War II, helped to start the “empty chair” crisis, OAS attempted to assassinate this leader
Charles de Gaulle
founder of the Merovingian Dynasty, first Frankish king to accept Christianity, united Gaul, patronized the first written version of the Salic Law
Clovis I
suppressed the Knights Templar, the Battle of the Golden Spurs, Tour de Nesle Affair
Philip IV or Phillip the Fair
Mentally ill, “Mad King”, king during Hundred Year’s War, lost to King Henry V at the battle of Agincourt, signed Treaty of Troyes
Charles VI
This king, aided by Joan of Arc, ended the Hundred Year’s War
Charles VII
defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings to take the English throne, first Norman king of England, Domesday Book, “Harrying of the North”
William the Conqueror
left the Catholic Church in order to marry Anne Boleyn, named “Defender of the Faith” by Pope Leo X, founded the Church of England, Act of Supremacy, six marriages
Henry VIII
son of Mary, Queen of Scots, nearly blown up in the House of Lords in a conspiracy led by Robert Catesby, Gunpowder Plot, authorized a namesake bible
James I
English Queen for most of the 1800s, married to Prince Albert, The Kensington System was developed to help this person
Queen Victoria
Massacre at Ayyadieh after Siege of Acre, English King during Third Crusade, was captured by Leopold V of Austria
Richard the Lionheart
“The Hammer of the Scots.”, defeated William Wallace,
Edward I
Defeated the French at the Battle of Agincourt, combined English and French crowns, played by Timothee Chalamet in the King
Henry V
final Tudor monarch, “I do not wish to make windows into men’s souls.” , never gets married, beheads Mary Queen of Scots, Armada Portrait, emblems are pelican and phoenix
Queen Elizabeth
Author of Das Kapital, “labor theory of value”, “use value” vs “exchange value”, The Communist Manifesto, , commodity fetishism
Karl Marx
“Modern Moral Philosophy.”, introduced the term “consequentialism”, did the first English translations of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s work
G.E.M. Amscombe
introduced the notions of “language regions” and “forms of life”, wrote “The Tractatus” and “Philosophical Investigations”, beetle-in-the-box thought experiment to dismiss private language, “Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.”, introduces their “picture theory” in one work, writing that propositions are representational depictions of the world, wrote that “family resemblances” describes overlapping word meainings, his “language games” contend that language is a part of life, of being alive
Ludwig Wittgenstein
painted “The Cock Fight”, “Snake Charmer”, “Pollice Verso” which popularised the thumbs down gladiator pose
Jean-Léon Gérôme
helped end the 1854 outbreak of cholera in London by realizing the locations of deaths were clustered around the Broad Street water pump, father of modern epidemiology
John Snow
author of “Critique of Dialectical Reason” and “Being and Nothingness”, wrote “Nausea” and “No Exit”, French existential philosopher, “bad faith”, “hell is other people”
Jean-Paul Sartre
Artist of “A Rake’s Progress”, “Marriage à-la-mode”, “The Four Stages of Cruelty”, “Painter and his Pug”, S-shaped line of beauty
William Hogarth
Pharoah that succeeded Hatshepsut, ordered removal of all records of Hatshepsut, “Napoleon of Egypt”, won the Battle of Megiddo by going through the Aruna mountain pass, victories are commemorated with Cleopatra’s Needle
Thutmose III
Namesake doctrine justified Russia’s invasion of Afghanistan, doctrine justified intervention in other socialist nations, negotiated strategic arms limitation treaty (SALT II), initiated detente (or easing of tensions)
Leonid Brezhnev
Composer of Roman Festivals, Fountains of Rome, and Pines of Rome
Ottorino Respighi
Artist of “Oath of the Horatii”, “Napolean Crossing the Alps”, “Death of Socrates”, “Death of Marat”, “Portrait of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his Wife”
Jacques-Louis David
promoted logical positivism, wrote “Language, Truth, and Logic”, verificationist principle
A. J. Ayer
This thinker’s obviously named Philosophical Treatise criticized Descartes’ conception of innate ideas. He also tried to revive Epicureanism and is considered a forerunner of sensationalism, argued against the Aristotelian notion of necessity
Pierre Gassendi
author of Meditations on First Philosophy whose Discourse on Method claims “I think therefore I am.” , a thought experiment where a demon alters all the senses, leading this thinker to doubt everything except for himself
Rene Descartes
This author of Search After Truth believed that “we see all things in God” and attempted to systematize
Descartes’ philosophy in the aforementioned work. He also founded Occasionalism.
Nicholas Malebranche
Gold foil experiment, coined the term “gamma radiation”, When this scientist irradiated nitrogen gas and observed the resulting emissions, he discovered that all atomic nuclei contain the hydrogen nucleus.
Ernest Rutherford
wrote the Four Books on Architecture and designed the Villa Rotonda, designed Villa Capra
Andrea Palladio
Wrote MakroKosmos, Black Angels (Pianist)
George Crumb
first Russian ruler to be proclaimed tsar, murdered his favorite son, Time of Troubles, the Massacre of Novgorod using his newly-created oprichniki secret police, ordered building of St. Basil’s Cathedral
Ivan the Terrible
“False Dmitri”s led revolts against this ruler who has a Mussorgsky opera and a Pushkin play, creation of the Patriarchate
Boris Godunov
Tsar who ended Time of Troubles and started Romanov dynasty, Truce of Deulinowas signed with Poland, and the Treaty of Stolbovo was signed with Sweden, his father Filaret previously went into hiding and became a monk
Michael Romanov
Westernizing tsar who founded Russia’s second-largest city after Moscow - St. Petersburg “window to the west”, fought in the Great Northern War, created a Table of Ranks for the nobility, went to Europe to learn Western culture in the Great Embassy to Europe
Peter the Great
Russian female czar with 21 acknowledged lovers, created the Assignation Bank, which issued the country’s first paper money, faced Pugachev’s Rebellion, came to power in a coup against Peter III, her spouse, installed Stanisław Poniatowski as King of Poland
Catherine the Great
After this ruler died, his younger brother Constantine refused to ascend the throne, which sparked the Decembrist revolt. This ruler’s belief in a “universal religion” led him to ally his country with Austria and Prussia in the so-called “Holy Alliance” to ensure a Christian peace. fought with Napolean, met with Napoleon on a raft in the Niemen River to sign the Treaty of Tilsit
Alexander I
ruled Russia from the failure of the Decembrist Uprising to the middle of the Crimean War, established a repressive secret police force known as the Third Section, “Gendarme of Europe” after he helped the Habsburgs squelch the Hungarian Revolution, pursued a policy of Official Nationality
Nicholas I
taking the throne near the end of the Crimean War, serf emancipation of 1861, assassinated by the “People’s Will” in 1881, instituted a local system of self-government called zemstvo
Alexander II
launched his program of “counter-reforms”, commissioned the first Faberge eggs as gifts for his wife, created a position of “land captain” to exert state control in the countryside, and either encouraged or ignored the first anti-Jewish pogroms.
Alexander III
Last of the Romanovs, overthrown in the February Revolution of 1917, tzar during the Russo-Japanese war and World War I, Grigorii Rasputin, Khodynka Tragedy (human stampede) after this man’s coronation, fired on peaceful protestors on Bloody Sunday, issued the October Manifesto, murdered with his family at Yekaterinburg
Nicholas II
After the war, he dissolved the Ottoman Empire, the founder of the modern Republic of Turkey and the country’s first president. initiated a Hat Law replacing the fez with Western-style hats
Mustafa Kamal Atatürk
Egyptian leader who launched the Yom Kippur War against Israel in 1973, signed the Camp David Accords with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, was assassinated
Anwar Sadat
Egyptian leader who precipitated the Suez Crisis by nationalizing the Suez Canal in 1956. led to Egypt’s brief union with Syria as the United Arab Republic in 1958. oversaw Egypt’s disastrous defeat by Israel in the Six-Day War (1967).
Gamal Abdel Nasser
a patriarch common to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, In Islam, he is considered a major link in the chain of prophets stretching from Adam to Muhammad, considered an exemplar of faith because of his willingness to sacrifice his son Isaac at God’s command.
Abraham
an ancient Persian prophet who founded the dualistic religion Zoroastrianism, had a revelation in which he saw a being who taught him about two primal spirits: a benevolent creator named Ahura Mazda and a malevolent spirit named Angra Mainyu or Ahriman.
Zoroaster
the founder of modern Jainism, His mother, Trishala, is said to have had either fourteen or sixteen auspicious dreams before his birth. subsequently taught a number of principles, including ahimsa, the prohibition of violence against living beings of any kind.
Mahavira
the founder of Buddhism. His mother Maya is said to have dreamt that a six-tusked elephant entered her right side, is said to have attained enlightenment while meditating under a tree—in this case, the Bodhi tree. He learned the Four Noble Truths
Siddhartha Gautama
a prophet who founded Islam. Born in Mecca in the Year of the Elephant, he is said to have been visited by the angel Jibril (or Gabriel) in the cave of Hira, where Jibril revealed the Qur’an to him. traveled from Mecca to Medina
Muhammad
the founder of Sikhism, his hymns formed the original basis for the Guru Granth Sahib, when he died, his body disappeared and was replaced with flowers, which were divided among Hindus and Muslims. According to another such story, he slept with his feet facing the Kaaba; when Muslims tried to move them away, the Kaaba moved so that his feet were still facing it.
Guru Nanak
the founder of Mormonism, had a vision in which the angel Moroni directed him to a set of golden plates, Based on Ezekiel’s vision of a New Jerusalem, he hoped to establish a latter-day Zion in America.
Joseph Smith
This author of Kitáb-i-Aqdas and the Hidden Words claimed to be the prophetic fulfilment of Bábism. The religion he founded is governed by the Universal House of Justice. uses a calendar with 19 months of 19 days each.
Baha Allah
the founder of Christian Science. she equated God with the mind and argued that sickness is spiritual, not material. “malicious animal magnetism.” She founded the Christian Science Monitor
Mary Baker Eddy
composer of the Trout Quintet and a famous Unfinished B-minor symphony. he composed many lieder (or German art songs), Die schöne Müllerin and Winterreise, “Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel”, Ninth Symphony (the Great), Eight Symphony (unfinished)
Franz Schubert
composer of “March to the Scaffold” where he depicts his love to Harriet Smithson and a “Dream of a Witches’ Sabbath,” composer of Harold in Italy and the Symphonie Fantastique, Harold in Italy was commissioned by Paganini, and Paganini initially rejected this man’s work
Hector Berlioz
Austrian composer of the oratorio The Seasons is best known for his 106 symphonies, including 17851s the
Hen, the Farewell, and the Surprise? London Symphony, AKA father of symphonies, Surprise Symphony, Clock Symphony
Joseph Hadyn
Polish-born composer known for
mazurkas and the “Minute Waltz.” four Brilliant Grand Waltzes and the posthumously published Fantaisie Impromptu, Revolutionary Etude, “Funeral March”
Frederick Chopin
composer of the Reformation, Scottish, and Italian symphonies, “Wedding March” , a trip to Fingal’s Cave, which inspired his “Hebrides” Overture, wrote an overture to A Midsummer NIght’s Dream when he was 17
Felix Mendelssohn
founded Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (“New Journal for Music”), married Clara Wieck, the daughter of his piano teacher, battled mental illness throughout much of his life, threw himself in the Reine and got put in a mental asylum, composer of Album for the Young, Carnaval, and Scenes from Childhood, composer of the Spring and Rhenish Symphonies, Traumerei, Paradise and the Peri
Robert Schumann
the first pianist to give solo concert-length recitals, playing entirely from memory. was seen as the head of a more progressive “New German School”, credited with inventing the orchestral genre of the symphonic poem or tone poem, composer of the Hungarian Rhapsodies and Transcendental Etudes, “Mephisto Waltz”
Franz Liszt
late operas include two masterpieces based on the works of Shakespeare: Otello and Falstaff, “Dies irae” movement has seen wide use in popular culture, composer of La Traviata, Il Trovatore, Requiem, and Rigoletto, Aida
Giuseppe Verdi
German composer of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg and the Ring Cycle, a notorious antisemite, “Ride of the Vaylkries” ,The Flying Dutchman , famous Bridal March, Tristan and Isolde
Richard Wagner
wrote the German Requiem and a famous namesake lullaby, one of his symphonies dubbed “Beethoven’s Tenth”, “Hungarian Dances”, Academic Festival Overture
Johannes Brahms
Russian composer of the Romantic era whose ballets include The Nutcracker, Swan Lake, and Sleeping Beauty, 1812 Overture, Pathétique, Manfred Symphony , he was gay and many have speculated he died by suicide, The Second Symphony by this composer of the Manfred Symphony is nicknamed “Little Russian.” He composed an opera based on an Aleksandr Pushkin poem, Eugene Onegin, Dance of the Sugar-plum fairy
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
he wrote his Symphony No. 9 (“From the New World”) and his “American” String Quartet (No. 12), Czech composer who wrote two of his most well-known works in America, Slavonic Dances
Antonín Dvořák
composer who included the “Hallelujah Chorus” in Messiah, Water Music, known for oratorios, Music for the Royal Fireworks, the keyboard work
The Harmonious Blacksmith
George Frederick Handel
three symphonies include The Age of Anxiety and Kaddish symphony, wrote the music for On the Tawn, Candide , and West Side Story, Fancy Free, Jeremiah
Leonard Bernstein
L’ Orfeo was written by this Northern Italian composer of Vespers of the Blessed Virgin often considered the
transitional figure between the Renaissance and Baroque eras of music. This originator of the operatic recitative, The Return of Ulysses and The Coronation of Poppea, Italian composer of the oldest opera still performed, Orfeo
Claudio Monteverdi
composer of Fanfare for the Common Man and Lincoln Portrait is best known for a ballet he wrote for Martha
Graham, Appalachian Spring, “the Dean of American Composers”? ““Fanfare for the Common Man”, Billy the Kid ballet
Aaron Copland
baroque composer of the Brandenburg Concertos, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Toccata and Fugue in D minor and Goldberg Variations -> a harpsichord collection.
John Sebastian Bach
“Red Priest” who wrote The Four Seasons
Antonio Vivaldi
composer created a work with movements subtitled “the Mystic,” “the Bringer of Jollity,” and “the Bringer of War,” the astrology-inspired The Planets? Savitri, Mystic Trumpeter
Gustav Holst
composer of “The Swan of Tuonela” and Finlandia, composer of Tapiola created a nationalistic piece often titled A Scandinavian Choral March to deceive Russian censors. Finlandia, Valse Triste, helped Finland establish national identity
Jean Sibelius
British composer of The Dream of Gerontius wrote a 1919 Cello Concerto in E minor, the Pomp and Circumstance Marches (often heard at graduations) , and the Enigma Variations?
Edward Elgar
Wellington’s Victory is the Battle Symphony by which composer of the Emperor Concerto whose Ninth Symphony ends with a setting of the “Ode to Joy”, “fate knocking at the door” motif, Pastoral Symphony, Creatures of Prometheus
Ludwig van Beethoven
Composer of Madame Butterfly and La Boheme, Turandot was left unfinished by this composer of La Boheme and Tosca. “Nessun dorma”
Giacomo Puccini
Peter and the Wolf’s by this composer who also did the score for Sergei Eisenstein’s film Alexander Nevsky.
Sergei Prokofiev
Russian composer of Petrushka and The Rite of Spring. Rite of Spring feature a girl that danced to death and caused a riot at its premiere.
Igor Stravinsky
“the father of American music”, wrote “Oh Susanna!”, first American to make a living as a composer
Stephen Foster
AKA King of Ragtime, wrote “the Entertainer”, “Great Crush Collision March”
Scott Joplin
American “March King” who wrote “Stars and Stripes Forever.” wrote a work named for the Liberty Bell as well as the opera El Capitan.
John Philip Sousa
American composer wrote Rhapsody in Blue as well as An American in Paris? Cuban Overture
George Gershwin
This English composer, who worked with the librettist W. S. Gilbert on The Pirates of Penzance, included a jester in his opera Yeoman of the Guard. HMS Penafore
Arthur Sullivan
This composer’s most frequently performed work is his one-act Pagliacci , in which a clown
reacts murderously to the unfaithfulness of his wife.
Ruggero Leoncavallo
This composer of The King and I and South Pacific wrote the score for The Sound of Music. Oklahoma!
Richard Rodgers
20th-century Russian composer of Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Italian composer of The Barber of
Seville and William Tell
Gioachino Rossini
French composer of Carmen, The Pearl Fishers
Georges Bizet
French composer wrote “Golliwog’s Cakewalk” as well as Prelude to “The Afternoon of a Faun”. Suite Bergamasque - Clair de Lune
Claude Debussy
The Phantom of the Opera is a musical by this British composer, whose other works include Evita and Jesus Christ Superstar.
Andrew Webber
name this composer of symphonies nicknamed “Titan” and “Resurrection,” as well as the “Symphony of a Thousand.”
Gustav Mahler
composer of an 1868 Piano Concerto in A minor, his only one, included “Morning Mood” and “In the Hall of the Mountain King”
Edvard Grieg
It Don’t Mean a Thing (If It Ain’t Got That Swing)” is on the Washington, D.C. quarter and was a big band leader nicknamed “Duke”?
Duke Ellington
Composer of Idomeneo, Abduction from the Seraglio, Magic Flute, Don Giovanni
Mozart
Composer of Blue Danube
Johann Strauss II
composer is best known for two operas, The Mother of Us All and Four Saints in Three Acts
Virgil Thomson
composer of songs for a film version of Don Quixote is better known for his one-act opera The Spanish Hour and the gradually crescendoing Bolero? Also wrote Gaspard de la nuit
Maurice Ravel
Artist of Birth of Venus (Venus on shell), Primavera (dancing in orange grove)
Sandro Botticelli
Artist of Arnolfini Portrait/Wedding
Jan van Eyck
Sculptor of The Thinker, Age of Bronze, The Kiss, The Gates of Hell
Auguste Rodin
Painter of Nighthawks, Automat, Chop Suey
Edward Hopper
Painter of Guernica, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
Pablo Picasso
Sculptor of David, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Pieta
Michalengelo
Painter of The Third of May, 1808 & Saturn Devouring his Son
Francisco Goya
Painter of Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Vitrunian Man, Salvator Mundi
Da Vinci
Painter of Starry Night, Potato Eaters, Cafe Terrace at NIght
Vincent van Gogh
Painter of the Shooting Company of Captain Franz Banning Cocq, the Night Watch
Rembrandt
Sculptor of Perseus with Medusa’s Head, Ganymede
Benvenuto Cellini
Artist of School of Athens, Mond Crucifixion, Saint George and the Dragon
Raphael
Sculptor of Bird in Space, Infinity Column
Constantin Brâncuși
Sculptor of Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Apollo and Daphne
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Painter of Las Meninas
Diego Velasquez
Painter of American Gothic
Grant Wood
Painter of Venus of Urbino
Titian
Painter of Liberty Leading the People
Eugene Delacroix
Painter of Christina’s World (Olson family home in a painting of a paralyzed girl in a pink dress lying in the grass)
Andrew Wyeth
Sculptor of Statue of Liberty
Bartholdi
Painter of Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, creator of Fountain (toilet) and Bicycle Wheels
Marcel Duchamps
Painter of The Garden of Earthly Delights
Hieronymus Bosch
Painter of Luncheon on the Grass (two fully-dressed men talk while a nude woman seated with them stares at the viewer)
Manet
Painter of Arrangement in Grey and Black: (this artist)’s Mother
Whistler
Sculptor of Venus di Milo (armless Venus)
Alexandros of Antioch
Sculptor of David (black), Gattamelata
Donatello
Painter of Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (painting features a woman holding a monkey on a leash, and is painted using small dots that blur together when viewed froma distance)
Georges Seurat
Artist of the Scream
Edvard Munch
Architect of Robie House, Guggenheim Museum in NYC, the Larkin Building in Buffalo, the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo
Frank Lloyd Wright
German architect, designed Fagus Shoe Factory, Pan American Building, most famous for founding Bauhaus, Harvard’s architecture department from 1938 to 1952
Walter Gropius
The Seagram Building (contains Four Seasons Restaurant) was designed by what International Style architect who adopted the maxim “less is more?” designed an iconic chair for his Barcelona Pavilion at the 1929 International Exhibition. Lake Shore Drive apartments
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
born in China, migrated to the U.S. in 1935, best known for large-scale projects and most recent designs of the glass pyramid outside of the Louvre in 1989 and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, also designed Fragrant Hill Hotel in Beijing and the East Wing of the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
I.M.Pei
Designed his first building after the 1669 fire in London, involved in the planning of 50 London churches, including Saint Paul’s Cathedral, tomb says “Reader, if you seek his monument, look around you.”
Christopher Wren
wrote the 1923 book Towards a New Architecture, famous quote is “A house is a machine for living in.”, used cubist ideas, designed Villa Savoye, wrote of the “Radiant City”, applications to urban renewal projects and government buildings largely failed, influenced many 20th century architects
Le Corbusier
Most famous building is Wainwright Building (redbrick skyscraper in St. Louis) in St. Louis, though is most associated with Chicago, his dictum “form should follow function” strongly influenced modern architecture; “father of skyscrapers” and “father of modernism”.
Louis Sullivan
Was a friend of Donatello, skilled sculptor and goldsmith, fought for and lost to Lorenzo Ghiberti for the commission of the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery, mainly known for the octagonally-based dome of the cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore, and he also made Spedale degli Innocenti (a hospital), the Old Sacristy at San Lorenzo, and the Pazzi Chapel in the Cloisters of Santa Croce, all from 1421 to 1430.
Filippo Brunelleschi
Canadian architect of the Walt Disney Concert Hall and the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao (museum with titanium-clad curves next to the Nervion River), Experience Music Project in Seattle (Sky Church, resembles smashed electric guitar)
Frank Gehry
born in Finland, spent most of life in the U.S., died in Ann Arbor, Michigan, designed MIT and Yale campus, Dulles International Airport in D.C., TWA terminal at JFK Airport in New York. Best known for Gateway Arch in St. Louis, but died before it was completed
Eero Saarinen
Created many works in Barcelona in early 20th century,Art Nouveau-inspired works include the Casa Mila and Batllo apartments, has done several works for the patreon Eusebi Guell, including Parc Guell (park in Barcelona), spent 40 years working on Expiatory Church of the Holy Family (also known as La Sangrada Familia) which will be finished in 2026, fond of using hyperbolic paraboloids in his work)
Antoni Gaudi
uses gibberish word “gavagai” and the work “Words and Objects” to illustrate his principle of “the indeterminacy of translation”, semantic “holism”, refutes the analytic/synthetic distinction of logical positivism in the work “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”, example that “bachelor” and “unmarried man” are synonymous but not interchangeable
Willard Quine
sought to contrast the ‘vita activa’ with the ‘vita contemplativa’ in “The Human Condition”, writes of the historical precedents of Nazism and Stalinism in “The Origins of Totalitarianism”, “banality of evil” mention in “Eichmann in Jerusalem”, “homo faber” in “The Human Condition”
Hannah Arendt
authored, with Alfred Whitehead, “Principia Mathematica”, essay “On Denoting”, criticizes Meinong’s views on non-existential objects (negative existentials), in a paper about definite descriptions, rejected the idea that all grammatically correct phrases stand for real objects, essay “Why I Am Not a Christian”, illustrates the necessity to make scientifically unfalsifiable claims, rather than to simply shift the burden of proof, with a hypothetical claim that the sun was orbited by a teapot, “War does not determine who is right, only who is left.”
Bertrand Russell
“analytic of finitude”, wrote “The Order of Things,” in which he analyzes “Las Meninas”, wrote of systems of knowledge throughout history, which he called “epsitemes”, wrote “Archaeology of Knowledge”, wrote “History of Sexuality”, wrote “The Birth of Clinic”, wrote “Madness and Civilization,”wrote “Discipline and Punish,” talked about “unequal gaze” and Bentham’s panopticon and prisons
Michael Foucault
wrote “Siris,” which advocated the medicinal use of tar water, wrote “The Analyst,” on calculus, wrote “Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous”, wrote “Alciphron, or The Minute Philosopher”, wrote “An Essay toward a New Theory of Vision”; esse est percipi (to be is to be perceived), wrote “De Motu”, Irish idealist who argued that only the mental existed; immaterialism, aka subjective idealism;
George Berkeley
wrote “Treatise of Human Nature”, wrote “An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding”; father of empiricism, missing shade of blue, is-ought problem, Scottish Empiricist known for his assertion that inductive knowledge is not certain, which led to the philosophical position of skepticism; first conservative philosopher; his economic theories were developed by John Maynard Keynes
David Hume
wrote “The Social Contract”, author of Discourse on Inequality distinguished between the government and the “sovereign of the general will” in a book that declares that “man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
wrote “The Will as World and Representation” (pessimistic), wrote “Parerga and Paralipomena”, wrote “The Art of Being Right”, wrote “On Vision and Colors”, wrote “On the Fourthfold Root”, the principle of sufficient reason,, pessimistic philosopher; claimed that our world is driven by a continually dissatisfied will, continually seeking dissatisfaction
Arthur Schopenhauer
wrote “Fear and Trembling” (“knight of faith”), wrote “Either/Or”, wrote “Three Stages of Life”, wrote “Diary of a Seducer”, wrote “The Sickness Unto Death”, Danish philosopher who wrote about his belief that fear and loneliness can be associated with religion; important in the fields of philosophy, theology, psychology, and literature, and is often considered the father of existentialism
Soren Kierkegaard
wrote The Philosophy of Right, Phenomenology of Spirit
Georg Hedel
Enlightenment author of the Critique of Pure Reason, space and time are not “empirical concepts” but instead “forms of intuition.” one should only act following maxims that “should become universal law”, created the categorical imperative
Immanuel Kant
1st female pharaoh who expanded Egypt through trade with other countries; One of her greatest accomplishments was her rise to power. Never before had a woman pharaoh ruled Egypt. Known for the expedition to the kingdom of Punt, Had Temple Deir el Bahari built. Said that Re told her to be pharaoh.
Hatshepsut
Egyptian pharoah called …. the Great, He reigned for more than 60 years, longer than almost any other pharaoh. He is best known for his military leadership and for building numerous monuments, such as the temple at Abu Simbel, Had 200 wives and 160 children. Had more monuments built than any other pharaoh.
Ramses II
strong leader who ruled a stable, unified Egypt. Art, literature, and architecture flourished during his reign. his finest architectural achievement was the White Chapel.
Senusret I
Changed Egypt to monotheism. Wanted everyone to believe in one god, the Aten. Was called a heretic for this.
Akhenaten or Amenhotep IV
Became pharaoh around the age of nine. His father was Akhenaten. He made Egypt polytheistic again. His tomb was discovered in the Valley of the Kings by Howard Carter in 1922.
Tutankhamen (King Tut)
Khufu’s son, built the Sphinx
Khafre
The pharaoh that united Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt so they became one land.
Menes
17th-century English political philosopher who argued the need for a strong government in order to prevent people from falling into a save existence, which he called the state of nature; his book, Leviathan, which discusses the social contract and the separation of powers, serves as the basis for Western political thought
Thomas Hobbes
Italian philosopher and theologian; greatest Scholastic philosopher; changed the focus of Scholasticism from Plato to Aristotle, reconciling elements of classical philosophy with Christianity; best-known work is Summa Theologica, and he is known for the idea that “Nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses.”
St. Thomas Aquinas
first of the Scholastic philosophers; Medieval Christian church leader who developed the idea that reason and faith are compatible; considered the father of Western Christianity because of his arguments about original sin, a just war, salvation, and grace; most famous books are The Confessions and The City of God
St. Augustine
famous political philosopher of the Italian Renaissance; thoughts on political theory included advising rulers to maintain power through ruthless means; major works are The Prince and The Discourses
Niccolo Machiavelli
German philosopher best known for his book Being and Time, where he questioned the essence of being; his sympathy with the Nazis undermines his credibility; his work is among the most controversial of the 20th century
Martin Heidegger
English philosopher and economist; advocated liberal and political thought in his book On Liberty, and taught utilitarianism, a system of ethics that judges actions by their consequences– thus the greatest good for the greatest number
John Stuart Mill
English empiricist; asserted that people are born with a “tabula rasa” (blank slate) and that experience shapes their ideas; argued that governments needed the consent of the governed and heavily influenced the Founding Fathers of America; most famous works are An Essay Concerning the Human Understanding and Two Treatises of Government
John Locke
American philosopher and educational reformer and one of the founders of the school of pragmatism; author of Democracy and Education, Against Walter Lippman, this man claimed that democracy should be managed in local communities rather than by experts in The Public and Its Problems”Education is not a preparation for life; education is life itself.”
John Dewey
Algerian-born French philosopher and founder of deconstruction; book Of Grammatology introduced deconstructionism; “To pretend, I actually do the thing: I therefore have only pretended to pretend.” he critiqued Husserl’s “metaphysics of presence” through the notion of différance
Jacques Derrida
German philosopher who asserted that all history was a progression toward a perfect state of being; developed new form of logic, called speculation, which has come to be known as his namesake dialectics
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
German moralist; rejected traditional Christian and Jewish morality; father of nihilism, wrote the famously misconstrued and misinterpreted “God is dead,” and developed the idea of the Ubermensch, a super human being who is not bound by conventional notions of right and wrong
Friedrich Nietzsche
