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Adolescence & Emerging Adulthood > Family Relationships > Flashcards

Family Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Family Systems Approach

A

Approach to understanding family functioning that emphasizes how each relationship within the family influence the family as a whole

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2
Q

Families are comprised of _____.

A

a network of subsystems

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3
Q

What do subsystems include?

A
  • individual members
  • dyads (pairs of family members)
  • combinations of 3+ family members
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4
Q

How is disequilibrium created?

A

Changes in any family member and/or subsystem creates disequilibrium.

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5
Q

What changes come along in adolescence?

A
  • biological changes (puberty)
  • cognitive changes
  • new peers
  • romantic relationships
  • parent-child relationships
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6
Q

Disequilibrium leads to _____.

A

conflict

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7
Q

What is the role of parents in childhood?

A
  • food
  • shelter
  • clothing
  • healthcare
  • warmth
  • safety
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8
Q

What are the changes in the role of the parents in adolescence?

A
  • basic needs
  • social interests that need to be considered (e.g., friends, romantic relationships)
  • giving more autonomy, trust
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9
Q

Describe the parent-child conflict in adolescence.

A
  • conflict peaks in early adolescence and declines in late adolescence
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10
Q

Where do most parent-child conflicts stem from in adolescence?

A
  • Minor issues (clothing, curfews, music, neatness, time management)
  • differences in what they think is an appropriate amount of autonomy
  • who gets to make decisions
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11
Q

What are Levine’s goals for parents and families (1974)?

A
  1. ensure survival to adulthood (e.g., safety, health)
  2. give skills and attitudes to support themselves in adulthood (e.g., education, work ethic, etc.)
  3. Encourage social values to flourish (e.g., creativity, self-expression)
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12
Q

How do Levine’s goals function?

A

As a hierarchy, if skills are achieve, THEN can seek more fulfilling endeavours
- survival > making a living > self-expression

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13
Q

What are the 2 dimensions of parenting practices?

A
  1. Demandingness: degree to which parents set rules and require children to comply with them
  2. Responsiveness: degree to which parents are sensitive to their child’s needs and express love and warmth
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14
Q

Define Authoritative parenting

A

warm/loving but set clear rules and explain reasons for standards

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15
Q

Define Permissive parenting

A

shows love but has low expectations for standards

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16
Q

Define Authoritarian parenting

A

requires obedience with no warmth or compromise

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17
Q

Define Disengaged parenting

A

relatively uninvolved

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18
Q

Baumrind’s parenting styles: high demandingness and high responsiveness

A

Authoritative

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19
Q

Baumrind’s parenting styles: low demandingness and high responsiveness

A

Permissive

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20
Q

Baumrind’s parenting styles: high demandingness and low responsiveness

A

Authoritarian

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21
Q

Baumrind’s parenting styles: low demandingness and low responsiveness

A

Disengaged

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22
Q

What outcomes are associated with Authoritative parenting?

A

MOST FAVOURABLE (in Western society)

  • independent
  • creative
  • self-assured
  • socially skilled
  • academic skills
  • less depression/anxiety
  • less delinquency
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23
Q

What outcomes are associated with Authoritarian parenting?

A
  • dependent
  • passive
  • conforming
  • less self-assured
  • weaker social skills
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24
Q

What outcomes are associated with Permissive parenting?

A
  • irresponsible
  • conforming
  • immature
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25
Q

What outcomes are associated with disengaged parenting?

A
  • impulsive
  • delinquent
  • early sex/drugs
  • less interested in school
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26
Q

What is the impact of a family with differing parenting styles?

A

Can lead to negative outcomes over having 2 same-style parents (even if those styles are “bad”)

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27
Q

How do parenting styles change over time?

A
  • younger vs. older siblings
  • trusting in certain contexts vs. others
  • changes as you grow up
28
Q

Describe the reciprocal effects of parenting styles.

A
  • certain styles may evoke different responses in different children
  • may mitigate or diminish behaviours
29
Q

Describe the development of the “Traditional” parenting style

A

In non-Western cultures, parents are often seen as predominantly authoritarian yet children do not show negative effects that are typically associated.

30
Q

Define Traditional parenting style

A
  • high demaningness and highly involved
  • closest to authoritative style
  • associated with positive adjustments
31
Q

Describe the caregiver sibling relationship.

A

one sibling serves parental functions for the other

32
Q

Describe the buddy sibling relationship.

A

treat each other as friends

33
Q

Describe the critical sibling relationship.

A

high conflict and teasing/bickering

34
Q

Describe the rival sibling relationship.

A

compete against each other, measure success against one another

35
Q

Describe the casual sibling relationship.

A

not emotionally intense, little interaction

36
Q

Describe sibling relationships in adolescence.

A
  • fight most often with your siblings

- rate closeness with siblings than with friends and parents

37
Q

What did Alfred Adler argue about birth order?

A
  • shapes personality

- very controversial

38
Q

Describe traditional characteristics of first borns in Birth Order Theory

A
  • perfectionist
  • leader/bossy
  • reliable
  • cautious
39
Q

Describe traditional characteristics of middle borns in Birth Order Theory

A
  • adaptable
  • independent
  • feels left out
  • people pleaser
40
Q

Describe traditional characteristics of last borns in Birth Order Theory

A
  • social
  • charming
  • manipulative
  • seeks attention
41
Q

Describe traditional characteristics of only children in Birth Order Theory

A
  • confident
  • perfectionist
  • sensitive
  • mature for their age
42
Q

What does the research say about birth order?

A
  • not supported

- many factors impact personality (e.g., temperament, gender, age, age-spacing, SES, family dynamics)

43
Q

Define a nuclear family

A

Married couple + child(ren) in 1 household

44
Q

Define a divorced family

A

couple separated in multiple households

45
Q

Define a single parent family

A

single parent + child(ren) in 1 household

46
Q

Define a blended family

A

1+ step-parents & child(ren) in 1-2 households

47
Q

Define a multigenerational family

A

extended family in 1 household

48
Q

Can an individual experience many different family compositions?

A

YES!

- changes can happen over time and simultaneously

49
Q

Describe the impact of changes to family composition.

A

higher risk for negative outcomes in adolescence

  • behavioural problems (e.g., drug/alcohol use, delinquency)
  • psychological distress (e.g., depression, anxiety, withdrawal)
  • academic performance (e.g., lower academic achievement)
50
Q

Describe the impact of parental divorce.

A
  • exposure of conflict between parents
  • increased economic stress
  • different parenting practices (may try to one-up other parent, be more permissive)
51
Q

Why are adolescents experience fewer negative effects of parental divorce?

A
  • are spending more times with peers over parents
  • less dependent on parents
  • able to understand
52
Q

Are there any effects of parental divorce into adulthood?

A
  • increased issues forming romantic relationships

- risk of divorce higher from divorced families

53
Q

Describe the impact of parental remarriage.

A
  • adolescence have a hard time adjusting

- another disruption to the family system

54
Q

Describe the impact of parental remarriage.

A
  • adolescence have a hard time adjusting
  • another disruption to the family system
  • integration of new family members
  • step-parent’s authority
55
Q

Parental divorce and/or remarriage creates _______

A

Disequilibrium

- but effects are small (it is a more common experience)

56
Q

What is the overall trend experienced by children of divorce?

A
  • children recover over time and show healthy patterns of adjustment
57
Q

What factors can reduce risk for negative adjustment associated with divorce and remarriage?

A
  • good relationships with parents and step-parents
  • parents maintain a civil relationship
  • parents maintain consistency across households
58
Q

How do siblings relationships change in emerging adulthood?

A
  • improve

- spend less time together = reduced opportunity for conflict

59
Q

How do emotional exchanges change between family members in emerging adulthood?

A
  • more warmth
  • fewer emotional exchanges
  • less conflict and rivalry
  • increase in mature perceptions
60
Q

How do parent/child relationships change in emerging adulthood?

A

They improve.

  • not living at home (no day-to-day friction)
  • more autonomy and respect
  • appreciate parents more
61
Q

What is a boomerang kid?

A
  • return home after university

- struggling to pay bills so they can’t live independently

62
Q

What are the statistics on emerging adults living at home?

A
  • more common in men
  • more common in Ontario/big cities (cost of living)
  • more common in minorities (cultural expectations)
63
Q

Why are more emerging adults living at home

A
  • economy is harder to make money in
64
Q

Describe Failure to Launch theory

A

A popular perception that Emerging Adults living at home are:

  • stunted (psychologically)
  • financially struggling
  • lazy
  • entitled
  • never want to grow up
  • narcissistic
65
Q

How are emerging adults living at home actually?

A
  • well-adjusted
  • saving up
  • practical
  • doing things the “right” way
  • world is much different (higher cost of living and education, harder job market)

Adolescence & Emerging Adulthood (7 decks)

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